Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
List of Symbols used
Reference Ellipsoid
A
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua/Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
B
The Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
C
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comores
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
Republic of the Congo (Brassaville)
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czechia
D
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
E
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Ethiopia
F
Fiji
Finland
France
French Polynesia
G
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
H
Haïti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
I
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
J
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
K
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
L
Lao
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
M
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Moçambique
N
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
O
Oman
P
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Q
Qatar
R
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
S
Sakhalin Island
Samoa Islands
Sao Tome e Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent & Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
T
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
U
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
V
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Y
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Z
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Biography
Clifford J. Mugnier is Chief of Geodesy, Emeritus of the Center for Geoinformatics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, USA. He attended Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, LA initially and later transferred to Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, LA. After graduation with a Baccalaureate in Physical Geography and Mathematics, he was employed by the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center in St. Louis, MO. Trained as a Professional Cartographer, he was issued an Induction Notice for the Armed Forces and he enlisted in the U.S. Army. After graduation from the Engineering School, he was commissioned into the Army as a junior officer and assigned to the U.S. Army Map Service where he served three years in production-oriented research in geodesy and photogrammetry for extraterrestrial mapping and also for the CORONA program. He also was a company commander and Captain, executive secretary of the Army Topographic Scientific Advisory Committee. After completing military service, he worked for the Autometric Operation, Raytheon Company in Wayland, MA as chief of photogrammetric triangulation for two years and then moved to Baton Rouge, LA as manager of the photogrammetry division of Owen and White, Inc., Consulting Engineers. Four years later he moved to New Orleans, LA and began full-time consulting in geodesy and forensic photogrammetry. He started part-time teaching surveying, geodesy, and photogrammetry at the University of New Orleans for 20 years and performed research in the physical geodesy of subsidence for the State of Louisiana starting in 1989. In 2000, he moved to Baton Rouge and started full-time teaching at Louisiana State University.
