1. Introduction
2T and 3T: A reflection on doing History
The cornerstones of historical knowledge
Contestation and decontestation of historical consciousness
2. Historical consciousness contested
Historical consciousness as consciousness of historicity
Historical consciousness as temporal consciousness
Rüsen’s typology of historical consciousness
Historical consciousness as a meaning-making mental process
Historical consciousness and historical thinking
Historical consciousness, collective memory and the use of history
Historical consciousness as an essentially contested concept
Merging reflections
3. Decontesting historical consciousness
Definition of consciousness
Definition of historical consciousness
4. Being conscious of the historicity of the world
5. Being conscious of the historicity of the being
Biological consciousness
Social consciousness
Cultural consciousness
Biocultural consciousness
Historicity of the being and historical empathy
6. Being conscious of the historicity of time
Categories of time
Dimensions of historical time
Layers of historical time
Space of Experience and Horizon of Expectation
7. Being conscious of the historicity of historical narratives
Historical narratives and their content
Types of historical narratives
Chronology, periodization and concepts as challenges
8. Being conscious of the use of history
Rethining history use in relation to historical consciounsness
Types of history use
Merging reflections
9. Being conscious of historical knowledge
Touching on (parts of) historical knowledge
Types of historical knowledge
The process of historical knowledge —and its limits
Merging reflections
10. Being conscious of historical thinking
Types of historical thinking
Content-related types
Operation-related types
Epistemological types
From awareness to consciousness, via thinking
11. Innate, reflective and scholarly historical consciousness
12. Conclusions
Bibliography
Biography
Apostolos Spanos is professor of History at the University of Agder, Norway. His research and teaching are based on interdisciplinary approaches to history as a discipline and to historical evolution as a phenomenon. His interests lie in applied history, historical consciousness, the multi-dimensionality of historical time, the coinherence of present, past and future, modeling history, the use of AI in studying and teaching history, the use of games to study the past, and the study of innovation as a mode of historical existence and evolution.
