Drugs of Natural Origin A Treatise of Pharmacognosy, Seventh Edition

Introduction
Definitions
The history of natural products in medicine
Natural products as modern drugs
Production of drugs based on natural products

The role of natural products in drug discovery

Plants used in traditional medicine　

Ethnopharmacology

Natural products from marine organisms

Combinatorial biosynthesis

Screening of randomly chosen organisms

Chemoinformatics and phylogenetics

Systems biology

Application of the systemic biology approach to the study of natural products used in medicine

Pharmacognosy as a research subject

Further reading

Nomenclature

Production of crude drugs from medicinal plants

Cultivation of medicinal plants

Propagation of plants

Plant breeding

Collecting and harvesting medicinal plants

Preservation of plant material

Storage of crude drugs

Quality control of crude drugs

Sterilization of crude drugs

Preparations of crude drugs

Grinding of crude drugs

Herbal "Teas"

Extracts

Herbal remedies

Definitions and trade regulations

Side effects

Interactions

Information sources

Isolation of pure compounds from extracts of crude drugs and other organisms

Isolation of compounds with known properties

Bioassay-guided isolation

Industrial high-throughput screening of extracts

Further reading

Production of antibiotics

The growth curve of microorganisms

Energy metabolism and production of metabolites in microorganisms

Technical aspects of the producton of antibiotics

Plant tissue and cell culture (plant biotechnology)

Callus cultures

Suspension cultures

Organ cultures and regeneration of plants

Environmental factors of importance for plant tissue and cell culture

Tissue and cell culture in plant breeding

Industrial production of natural products by plant tissue and cell cultures

Future prospects for plant biotechnology in the production of drugs

Further reading

Photosynthesis

Light reactions and dark reactions

Dark reactions

Photorespiration

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Investigation of biosynthetic pathways

Transporters of secondary metabolites

Classification of natural products

Further reading

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Gums and mucilages

Reduction products of carbohydrates: sugar alcohols, Natural products related to carbohydrates, Glycosides, Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Acarbose,

Further reading

Shikimic acid

Localization of the shikimic acid pathway

The enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway

Biosynthesis of shikimic acid

Gallic acid and tannins

The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

Biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine

Biosynthesis of tryptophan

Phenylpropanes

Typical phenylpropanes

Adaptogens

Coumarins and furanocoumarins

Substances formed from phenylpropanes by shortening of the side-chain

Further reading

Fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids

Other derivatives of fatty acids

Fats and waxes

Fats

Waxes

Phospholipids

Eicasonoids

Prostaglandins

Thromboxanes

Leukotrienes

Lipstatin

Polyketides

Polyketides derived from acetate or propionate

Macrolides

Erythromycins

Avermectins

Spiramycins

Polyene macrolide antibiotics

Epothilones

Polyether macrolides

Griseofulvin

Mevastatin and lovastatin

Leptospermone and Nitisinone

Mupirocin

Tetracyclines

Anthracyclines

Mithramycin

Enediynes

Anthraquinones

Polyketides of mixed biogenetic origin

Flavonoids

Kava pyrones

Flavonolignans

Mycophenolic acid

The ansamycin group of antibiotics

Rapamycin

Tacrolimus (FK-506)

Rotenoids

Khellin

Sodium cromoglycate

Further reading

Mevalonic acid and isopentenyl diphosphate

The non-mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids

Monoterpenes

Biosynthesis of monoterpenes

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Phenols

Iridoids and secoiridoids

Other oxidized monoterpenes

Sesquiterpenes

Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes

Diterpenes

Biosynthesis of diterpenes

Triterpenes and steroids

Biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids

Biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenes

Biosynthesis of tetracyclic triterpenes and steroids

Triterpenes

Saponins

Modified triterpenes

Steroidal hormones

Cardiac glycosides

Glycosides from Digitalis purpurea

Glycosides from Digitalis lananta

Other cardiac glycosides

Vitamin D

Tetraterpenes

Biosynthesis of tetraterpenes

Further reading

2-oxoglutaric acid group

Pyruvic acid group

Oxalacetic acid group

Serine group

Histidine

Aromatic amino acids

Essential amino acids

Toxic, non-proteinogenic amino acids

Other amino acids of medicinal interest

Further reading

Peptides and proteins

Symbols for the amino acids in the primary structures of peptides and proteins

Proteolytic enzymes

Other enzymes with medicinal use

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP toxins)

Lectins

Amanita toxins

Snake venoms

Lizard toxins

Ziconotide

Mistletoe toxins

Cyclotides

Non-ribosomal polypeptides

Glycopeptide antibiotics

Streptogramin antibiotics

-Lactam antibiotics

Other -lactams

Vitamins derived from amino acids

Further reading

General aspects

Amino alkaloids

Aziridine alkaloids

Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids

Tropane alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio alkaloids)

Quinolizidine alkaloids (Lupinus alkaloids)

Isoquinoline alkaloids

Protoberberine alkaloids

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids

Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids

Benzophenanthridine alkaloids

Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

Indole alkaloids

Simple indole alkaloids

Terpenoid indole alkaloids

Quinoline alkaloids

Imidazole alkaloids

Steroidal alkaloids

Aconitum alkaloids

Guanidinium alkaloids

Further reading

Purine derivatives

Biosynthesis

ATP

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Guanosine 5´-triphosphate (GTP)

Riboflavin

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline

Pyrimidine derivatives

Uridine triphosphate (UTP)

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)

Cytarabine (Ara-C)

Further reading

Biography

Gunnar Samuelsson

"The seventh edition of Drugs of Natural Origin. A Treatise
of Pharmacognosy preserves the same high standards as in
the sixth edition. Altogether, there are 12 chapters in this newly
revised edition, written by two internationally renowned
authors. The chapters are well organized, and at the end of
each chapter the authors provide a section for further reading
with primary references that could be used by the reader to
enhance the content found in the book on a particular topic. . . .
Currently, this book may be regarded as the leading text in
the area of pharmacognosy in the English language. The new
generation of scientists in the area of natural products and their
students will certainly benefit from this high-quality textbook.
In this reviewer’s opinion, this textbook should be available in
every university biomedical library and in the individual
collection of natural product researchers, as it is covers
multidisciplinary areas of applications, including biochemistry,
ethnomedicine, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemistry.
Kudos to the authors for this truly outstanding volume!"

--Esperanza Carcache de Blanco, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States