English: An Essential Grammar

Table of Contents

List of abbreviations

INTRODUCTION

What is grammar?

Grammar ‘rules’ and grammatical structures

Standard English

English as a world language

British English and American English

How this book is organised
A note on sources

　

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1. The constituents of a sentence
2. The Grammatical Hierarchy
3. Form and function in grammatical description

1.4 Subject and verb

1.5 Identifying the Subject

1.5.1 The Inversion Test

1.5.2 The Tag Question Test

1.5.3 Subject-verb agreement

1.6 Verb types and sentence patterns

1.6.1 Intransitive verbs

1.6.2 Linking verbs and Subject Complements

1.6.3 Monotransitive verbs and Direct Objects

1.6.4 Ditransitive verbs and Indirect Objects

1.6.5 Complex transitive verbs and Object Complements

1.6.6 Adverbial Complements

1.6.7 Summary: The six sentence patterns

1.7 Active sentences and passive sentences

1.8 Adjuncts

1.8.1 The meanings of Adjuncts

1.9 Peripheral constituents in sentence structure

1.10 Fragments and non-sentences

EXERCISES

　

CHAPTER 2 WORDS AND WORD CLASSES

2.1 Open and closed word classes

2.2 Nouns and determiners

2.2.1 Singular nouns and plural nouns

2.2.2 Common nouns and proper nouns

2.2.3 Countable nouns and uncountable nouns

2.2.4 Genitive nouns

2.2.5 Dependent genitives and independent genitives

2.2.6 Determiners

2.3 Pronouns

2.3.1 Personal pronouns

2.3.2 Possessive pronouns

2.3.3 Reflexive pronouns

2.3.4 Demonstrative pronouns

2.3.5 Quantifying pronouns and numerals

2.3.6 Relative pronouns

2.3.7 Nominal relative pronouns

2.3.8 Interrogative pronouns

2.3.9 Pronoun one

2.3.10 Pronoun it

2.4 Main verbs

2.4.1 The five verb forms

2.4.2 The base form

2.4.3 The -s form

2.4.4 The past form

2.4.5 The –ed/-en form

2.4.6 The -ing form

2.4.7 Irregular verbs

2.4.8 Regular and irregular variants

2.4.9 The verb be

2.4.10 Multi-word verbs

2.4.11 Light verbs

2.5　Auxiliary verbs

2.5.1 Modal auxiliary verbs

2.5.2　　The meanings of modal auxiliaries

2.5.3　　The passive auxiliary be

2.5.4　　The progressive auxiliary be

2.5.5　　The perfective auxiliary have

2.5.6　　Auxiliary do

2.5.7　　Semi-auxiliary verbs

2.6 Adjectives

2.6.1　　Gradable adjectives

2.6.2　　Comparative adjectives and superlative adjectives

2.6.3　　Participial adjectives

2.6.4 Nominal adjectives

2.7　　Adverbs

2.7.1 Circumstantial adverbs

2.7.2 Degree adverbs

2.7.3　Comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs

2.8　　Prepositions

2.9　　Conjunctions

EXERCISES

　

CHAPTER 3 PHRASES

3.1 What is a phrase?

3.2 The basic structure of phrases

3.3 Adverb phrases

3.3.1 The functions of adverb phrases

3.4 Adjective phrases

3.4.1 Comparative constructions

3.4.2 The functions of adjective phrases

3.5 Prepositional phrases

3.5.1 The functions of prepositional phrases

3.6 Noun phrases

3.6.1 Noun phrase Heads

3.6.1.1 Identifying the Head

3.6.2 Determiners and Determinatives

3.6.3 Noun phrase Premodifiers

3.6.4 Noun phrase Postmodifiers

3.6.4.1 Sequential and embedded Postmodifiers

3.6.4.2 Postmodifiers and Complements

3.6.5 The functions of noun phrases

3.6.6 Apposition

3.7 Verb phrases

3.7.1 The Operator

3.7.2 The ordering of auxiliary verbs

3.7.3 Finite verb phrases and non-finite verb phrases

3.7.4 Movement

3.7.5 Tense

3.7.6. Expressing future time

3.7.7 Aspect

3.7.8 Mood

EXERCISES

CHAPTER 4 CLAUSES AND SENTENCES

4.1 What is a clause?

4.2 Subordination

4.2.1 Finite and non-finite subordinate clauses

4.2.2　　Adjunct clauses

4.2.2.1 The meanings of Adjunct clauses

4.2.3　　Relative clauses

4.2.4　　Nominal relative clauses

4.2.5　　That-clauses

4.2.6　　Comparative clauses

4.2.7　　The functions of clauses in sentences

4.2.8　　The functions of clauses in phrases

4.3　　Coordination

4.3.1　　Coordination types

4.3.2 The meanings of coordinators

4.3.3 Correlative coordinators

4.3.4　　Quasi-coordination

4.4 Sentence types

4.4.1 Declarative sentences

4.4.2 Interrogative sentences

4.4.3 Imperative sentences

4.4.4 Exclamative sentences

4.5 Positive sentences and negative sentences

4.6 Inverted sentences

4.7 Extraposition and postponement

4.8　　There-sentences

4.9　　Cleft sentences

4.10　　Sentence connectors

4.10.1　　Logical connectors

4.10.2　　Structural connectors

4.11 Referring expressions

EXERCISES

CHAPTER 5 WORD FORMATION AND SPELLING

5.1　　The structure of words

5.2　　Prefixes

5.3　　Suffixes

5.4　　Compounding and blending

5.5　　Acronyms, abbreviations, and clipping

5.6　　Back formations

5.7　　Combining forms

5.8　　Inflections

5.9　　Adding inflections: general spelling rules

5.10　　Adding -ly and -ally

5.11　　Plural nouns

5.12　　Variants with s or z

5.13　　British and American spelling variants

5.14　　Problem spellings

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

APPENDIX: English Irregular Verbs

Glossary of terms

Further reading

Index