Entropy Generation Minimization
The Method of Thermodynamic Optimization of Finite-Size Systems and Finite-Time Processes
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Book Description
This book presents the diverse and rapidly expanding field of Entropy Generation Minimization (EGM), the method of thermodynamic optimization of real devices. The underlying principles of the EGM method - also referred to as "thermodynamic optimization," "thermodynamic design," and "finite time thermodynamics" - are thoroughly discussed, and the method's applications to real devices are clearly illustrated.
The EGM field has experienced tremendous growth during the 1980s and 1990s. This book places EGM's growth in perspective by reviewing both sides of the field - engineering and physics. Special emphasis is given to chronology and to the relationship between the more recent work and the pioneering work that outlined the method and the field.
Entropy Generation Minimization combines the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. EGM applies these principles to the modeling and optimization of real systems and processes that are characterized by finite size and finite time constraints, and are limited by heat and mass transfer and fluid flow irreversibilities.
Entropy Generation Minimization provides a straightforward presentation of the principles of the EGM method, and features examples that elucidate concepts and identify recent EGM advances in engineering and physics. Modern advances include the optimization of storage by melting and solidification; heat exchanger design; power from hot-dry-rock deposits; the on & off operation of defrosting refrigerators and power plants with fouled heat exchangers; the production of ice and other solids; the maximization of power output in simple power plant models with heat transfer irreversibilities; the minimization of refrigerator power input in simple models; and the optimal collection and use of solar energy.
Table of Contents
List of Symbols
Thermodynamics Concepts and Laws
Definitions
Closed Systems
Open Systems
The Momentum Theorem
Useful Steps in Problem Solving
The Temperature-Energy Interaction Diagram, and the Entropy Interaction-Energy Interaction Diagram
Problems
Entropy Generation and Exergy Destruction
The Gouy-Stodola Theorem
Systems Communicating with More than One Heat Reservoir
Adiabatic Systems
Exergy Analysis of Steady Flow Processes
Exergy Analysis of Non-Flow Processes
Characteristic Features of Irreversible Systems and Processes
Problems
Entropy Generation in Fluid Flow
Relationship between Entropy Generation and Viscous Dissipation
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
The Transition
Buckling Theory of Turbulent Flow
Entropy Generation in "Isothermal" Turbulent Flow
The Bernoulli Equation
Entropy Generation in Heat Transfer
The Local Rate of Entropy Generation in Convective Heat Transfer
Fluid Friction vs. Heat Transfer Irreversibility
Internal Flows
External Flows
Conduction Heat Transfer
Convective Mass Transfer
General Heat Exchanger Passage
Heat Transfer Augmentation Techniques
Problems
Heat Exchangers
Counterflow Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchangers with Negligible Pressure Drop Irreversibility
The Three-Part Structure of Heat Exchanger Irreversibility
Two-Phase-Flow Heat Exchangers
Other Heat Exchanger Entropy Generation Studies
Distribution of Heat Exchanger Area on the Absolute Temperature Scale
Distribution of Heat Transfer Area in Counterflow Heat Exchangers
Problems
Insulation Systems
Power Plants and Refrigeration Plants as Insulation Systems
The Generation of Entropy in an Insulation with Fixed Geometry
Optimum Continuous Cooling Regime
Counterflow Heat Exchangers as One-Dimensional Insulations
Parallel Insulations
Intermediate Cooling or Heating of Insulation Systems for Power and Refrigeration Plants
Problems
Storage Systems
Sensible Heat Storage
Optimum Heating and Cooling Processes Subject to Time Constraint
Hot Storage vs. Cold Storage
Latent Heat Storage
Power Generation
Model with Bypass Heat Leak and Two Finite-Size Heat Exchangers
Power Plant Viewed as an Insulation Between Heat Source and Ambient
Combined-Cycle Power Plant
Optimal Combustion Chamber Temperature
Other Power Plant Optimization Studies
Why Maximum Power Means Minimum Entropy Generation Rate
Maximum Power from Fluid Flow
Problems
Solar-Thermal Power Generation
Models with Collector Heat Loss to the Ambient
Collector-Ambient Heat Loss and Collector-Engine Heat Exchanger
Collector-Ambient Heat Loss and Engine-Ambient Heat Exchanger
Storage by Melting
Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant
Nonisothermal Collectors
Time-Varying Conditions
Other Areas of Solar Power Conversion Study
Problems
Refrigeration
Refrigeration Plant Model with Heat Transfer Irreversibilities
Model with Heat Leak in Parallel with Reversible Compartment
Model with Cold End Heat Exchanger and Room Temperature Heat Exchanger
Minimization of the Heat-Leak Entropy Generation
Problems
Time-Dependent Operation
Defrosting Refrigerators
Cleaning the Heat Exchanger of a Power Plant
Power Plants Driven by Heating from a Bed of Hot Dry Rock
Maximum Rate of Ice Production
Problems
Appendices
Local Entropy Generation Rate
Variational Calculus
Author Index
Subject Index