
Essentials of Logic
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Book Description
Rendered from the 11th Edition of Copi/Cohen, Introduction to Logic, the most respected introductory logic book on the market, this concise version presents a simplified yet rigorous introduction to the study of logic. It covers all major topics and approaches, using a three-part organization that outlines specific topics under logic and language, deduction, and induction. For individuals intrigued by the formal study of logic.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts
1.1 What Logic Is
1.2 Propositions and Sentences
1.3 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
1.4 Arguments and Explanations
1.5 Recognizing Arguments
A. Premise- and Conclusion-Indicators
B. Arguments in Context
C. Premises Not in Declarative Form
D. Unstated Propositions
1.6 Deduction and Validity
1.7 Validity and Truth
1.8 Induction and Probability
1.9 Analyzing Arguments
A. Paraphrasing
B. Diagramming Arguments
C. Interwoven Arguments
1.10 Complex Argumentative Passages
Essentials of Chapter 1
CHAPTER 2 Informal Fallacies
2.1 What Is a Fallacy?
2.2 Fallacies of Relevance
R1. Argument from Ignorance (argumentum ad ignoratiam)
R2. Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)
R3. Argument Against the Person (Personal Attack, argumentum ad hominem)
R4. Appeal to Emotion (Mob Appeal, argumentum ad populum)
R5. Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misericordiam)
R6. Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)
R7. Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi; non sequitur)
2.3 Fallacies of Presumption
P1. Complex Question
P2. False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc; non causa pro causa)
P3. Begging the Question (petitio principii)
P4. Accident
P5. Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)
P6. Suppressed Evidence
P7. False Dichotomy
2.4 Fallacies of Ambiguity
A1. Equivocation
A2.Amphiboly
A3. Accent
A4. Composition
A5. Division
Essentials of Chapter 2
CHAPTER 3 Categorical Propositions
3.1 Categorical Logic
3.2 Categorical Propositions and Classes
3.3 Symbolism and Venn Diagrams for Categorical Propositions
3.4 Distribution
3.5 Existential Import
3.6 The Aristotelian Square of Opposition and Immediate Inferences
A. Contradictories
B. Contraries
C. Subcontraries
D. Subalternation
3.7 The Boolean Square of Opposition
3.8 Logical Equivalence and Immediate Inferences
A. Conversion
B. Obversion
C. Contraposition
Essentials of Chapter 3
CHAPTER 4 Categorical Syllogisms
4.1 Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms
A. Major, Minor, and Middle Terms
B. Mood
C. Figure
4.2 The Nature of Syllogistic Arguments
4.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms
4.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies
Essentials of Chapter 4
CHAPTER 5 Arguments in Ordinary Language
5.1 Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language
5.2 Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument
5.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form
A. Singular Propositions
B. Categorical Propositions with Adjectives or Adjectival Phrases as Predicates
C. Categorical Propositions with Verbs Other Than the Standard Form Copula To Be
D. Categorical Propositions in Nonstandard Order
E. Categorical Propositions with Nonstandard Quantifiers
F. Exclusive Propositions
G. Propositions Without Quantifiers
H.Propositions Not in Standard Form that Have Logically Equivalent Standard Form Alternatives
I. Exceptive Propositions
J. More Complex Quantifiers
5.4 Uniform Translation
5.5 Enthymemes
Essentials of Chapter 5
CHAPTER 6 Symbolic Logic
6.1 The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic
6.2 Symbolese 101: The Language of Propositional Logic
A. Negation
B. Conjunction
C. Disjunction
D. Material Implication (Material Conditionality)
E. Biconditionals (Material Equivalence)
F. Grouping Indicators
6.3 Truth Tables as Tools for Analyzing Compound Propositions
6.4 Tautologous, Contradictory, and Contingent Statement Forms
6.5 Truth Tables as a Test for the Validity of Arguments
A.Some Common Valid Argument Forms
B. Some Common Invalid Argument Forms
C. More Complex Arguments
6.6 Incomplete and Reverse Truth Tables
A. Incomplete Truth Tables
B. Reverse Truth Tables
6.7 Arguments, Conditionals, and Tautologies
Essentials of Chapter 6
CHAPTER 7 The Method of Deduction
7.1 Natural Deduction Versus Truth Tables
7.2 Formal Proofs of Validity
7.3 The Rule of Replacement (1)
7.4 The Rule of Replacement (2)
7.5 Conditional Proof
7.6 Indirect Proof
Essentials of Chapter 7
CHAPTER 8 Quantification Theory
8.1 When Propositional Logic Is Not Enough
8.2 Symbolese 102: The Language of Quantificational Logic
A. Singular Propositions, Subjects, and Predicates
B. Universal and Particular Propositions
C. And Sometimes the Statements Are More Complex
8.3 Proving Validity
8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof
8.5 Proving Invalidity
Essentials of Chapter 8
CHAPTER 9 Induction
9.1 Introduction to Induction
9.2 Arguments by Analogy
9.3 Appraising Arguments by Analogy
9.4 Explanations and Hypotheses
9.5 Arguments to the Best Explanation
Essentials of Chapter 9
Appendix: Truth Trees
A.1 Propositional Logic
A.2 Quantificational Logic
Essentials of the Appendix
Solutions to the Odd-Numbered Problems
Glossary/Index