Ultrasonics: An Overview
Introduction
Ultrasonics in Nature
Historical Development
Physical Acoustics
Low-Frequency Bulk Acoustic Wave Applications
Surface Acoustic Waves
Piezoelectric Materials
High-Power Ultrasonics
Medical Ultrasonics
Acousto-Optics
Underwater Acoustics and Seismology
Introduction to Vibrations and Waves
Vibrations
Wave Motion
Bulk Waves in Fluids
One-Dimensional Theory of Fluids
Three-Dimensional Model
Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity
A Short Introduction to Tensors
Strain Tensor
Stress Tensor
Thermodynamics of Deformation
Hooke’s Law
Other Elastic Constants
Bulk Acoustic Waves in Solids
1D Model of Solids
Wave Equation in Three Dimensions
Material Properties
Viscoelastic Solids
Finite Beams: Radiation, Diffraction, and Scattering
Radiation
Scattering
Focused Acoustic Waves
Radiation Pressure
Doppler Effect
Reflection and Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves at Interfaces
Introduction
Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
Oblique Incidence: Fluid–Fluid Interface
Fluid–Solid Interface
Solid–Solid Interface
Rayleigh Waves
Introduction
Rayleigh Wave Propagation
Fluid-Loaded Surface
Lamb Waves
Potential Method for Lamb Waves
Fluid-Loading Effects
Acoustic Waveguides
Introduction: Partial Wave Analysis
Waveguide Equation: SH Modes
Lamb Waves
Rayleigh Waves
Layered Substrates
Multilayer Structures
Free Isotropic Cylinder
Waveguide Configurations
Crystal Acoustics
Introduction
Group Velocity and Characteristic Surfaces
Piezoelectricity
Cavitation and Sonoluminescence
Bubble Dynamics
Multibubble Sonoluminescence
Single Bubble SL
Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers, Delay Lines, and Oscillators
Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers
Bulk Acoustic Wave Delay Lines
Quartz Crystal Resonators
Silicon Oscillators
Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, Analog Signal Processing, and Mobile Applications
Introduction
Basic Components
Materials and Technology
Signal Processing
Saw Applications
Saw Wireless Communication to Coded Devices
Microacoustics: RF MEMS, FBAR, and CMUT
Introduction
Overview of MEMS Technology
Rf MEMS
FBAR
CMUT Capacitive Transducers
Acoustic Sensors
Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators
Saw Sensors
SH-Type Sensors
Flexural Plate Wave Sensors
CMUT Chem/Biosensor
FBAR Liquid Sensors
Thin-Rod Acoustic Sensors
Gravimetric Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison
Physical Sensing of Liquids
Chemical Gas Sensors
Taste Sensing: Electronic Tongue
Biosensing
Perspectives in Acoustic Sensors
Focused Beam Acoustic Microscopy
Introduction
Resolution
Acoustic Lens Design
Contrast Mechanisms and Quantitative Measurements
Applications of Acoustic Microscopy
Near-Field Acoustic Microscopy
Introduction
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Atomic Force Microscope
Ultrasonic AFM
Contact Resonance Force Microscopy
Mechanical Diode Effect Microscopy
Acoustic Wave Probe Microscopy
Other Probe Microscopies
Perspectives
Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Introduction
Surfaces
Plates
Layered Structures
Adhesion
Thickness Gauging
Process Control
Structural Health Monitoring
Time Reversal Mirrors
Non/Loosely Contacting NDE Techniques
Laser Ultrasonics
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
Air-Coupled Transducers
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy
Appendix A: Bessel Functions
Appendix B: Acoustic Properties of Materials
Appendix C: Complementary Laboratory Experiments
Biography
J. David N. Cheeke received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in engineering physics from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, in 1959 and 1961, respectively, and his Ph.D in low temperature physics from Nottingham University, United Kingdom, in 1965. He then joined the Low Temperature Laboratory, CNRS, Grenoble, France, and also served as professor of physics at the Université de Grenoble. In 1975, Dr. Cheeke moved to the Université de Sherbrooke, Canada, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory, specializing in physical acoustics, acoustic microscopy, and acoustic sensors. In 1991, he joined the physics department at Concordia University, Montreal, where he was head of an ultrasonics laboratory. He was chair of the department from 1992 to 2000. In 2003 he retired from Concordia University and became Vice President, Operations, of Microbridge Technologies, Inc., Montreal, a spinoff from Concordia University. He retired from Microbridge in 2006 and has lived in Victoria, BC, since that time. He has published more than 150 papers on various aspects of ultrasonics and acoustics. He is a senior member of the IEEE.
"…balances elementary introduction and advanced application; his discussion of advanced application extends to current research in theoretical and experimental ultrasonics. …wherever possible Cheeke uses qualitative models to elucidate complex concepts he has derived mathematically but whose full physical implications may be opaque to the neophyte. In introducing ultrasonic measurement techniques, he enumerates the steps and methods -- and also the pitfalls that await the unsuspecting novice."
-- Physics Today, April 2003
