1st Edition

Fundamentals of Cage Wash Operations At the intersection of technology, husbandry, safety, and compliance, accomplishing sanitation in research animal science

Edited By James D. Cox, Bruce W. Kennedy Copyright 2027
440 Pages 114 Color Illustrations
by CRC Press

440 Pages 114 Color Illustrations
by CRC Press

The animal care and use facility support—or cage wash—area has evolved tremendously in the past 50 years. It is now recognized as a critical component in programs of animal care and use throughout the world, yet there has previously been no single, comprehensive resource to support it. This much-needed book describes facility support operations that have a direct, substantial effect on the... Read more

ABOUT THE EDITORS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
 

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

SECTION 1 ORIGINS AND FOUNDATIONS

 

1 Cage Wash—It’s No Longer Entry-Level

James D. Cox and Bruce W. Kennedy

 

2 Cage Wash History, Evolution, and General Cage Wash Management Concepts

Neil A. Grove and Margaret C. Hogan

 

3 Laws and Regulations Impacting Cage Wash Operations

Richard B. Huneke, Sonja T. Chou, Lisa Craig, Rafael Hernández, Ekaterina Rivera, Tias A. de Souza, and Jussi Helppi

 

SECTION 2 PERSONS WORKING IN CAGE WASH

 

4 The Changing Job of Cage Wash Technicians

Bruce W. Kennedy

 

5 Managing the Cage Wash Facility

Evan Michael Hutto and Catherine J. Bernstein

 

6 Safety Considerations Associated with Cage Wash Operations

John Donaho, Jeanette Pearson, and Bruce W. Kennedy, Terry Snyder and Glenn Pransky

 

Chapter 6 Supplement: Ergonomics

Terry Snyder and Glenn Pransky

 

7 Training and Developing the Support Team in Cage Wash Operations

Bruce W. Kennedy and Kim Froeschl

 

SECTION 3 DESIGN AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF CAGE WASHROOMS

 

8 Facility Design—Cage Wash Facility and Supporting

Alex Munoz, Jeffrey Zynda, and James D. Cox

 

9 Utility Requirements for Cage Washing and Processing

Edgar Czarra

 

SECTION 4 MACHINES, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND MAINTENANCE

 

10 Cage Washing Machines

Craig Fletcher, Harry Lim, Janet Steele, Christine Bhirdo, Adam Bakowski, Brandy Barnes, and James D. Cox

 

11 Sterilizing Machines

Craig Fletcher, Janet Steele, Christine Bhirdo, Adam Bakowski, Brandy Barnes, Jeremy McNeal, and James D. Cox

 

12 Automation in Cage Wash

Harry Lim and James D. Cox

 

13 Other Equipment, Machines, and Components

David Mallon

 

14 Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Cage Washers and Sterilizers 2

James D. Cox

 

SECTION 5 DIVERSE PROCESSES OF CAGE WASH OPERATIONS

 

15 Equipment to Be Cleaned and the Cleaning Process

Sandy Graciano, Heather Marshall, and Diana Baumann

 

16 Chemicals in Cage Wash: Types, Uses, and Dispensing

Brian E. Gillman, Kenneth B. Shapiro, and Bruce W. Kennedy

 

17 Waste Processing and Discharge from Cage Washing Facilities

Phil Richter, Sandy Graciano, and Bruce W. Kennedy

 

18 Recordkeeping in Cage Wash Operations

Michelle Wallace-Fields, Jori K. Leszczynski, Jonathan Lowrie, Charleen Warder Howell, Mindy Yarbrough, Amanda Schneck, and Damian Bohler

 

19 Disaster, Contingency, and Business Recovery Planning for Animal Facility Cage Wash Operations

Nirah H. Shomer

 

SECTION 6 WHAT’S NEXT IN CAGE WASH 

 

20 Looking Ahead

Steven M. Niemi

 

Appendix: Case Studies for Cage Washing and Processing

Susan Farmer and Bruce W Kennedy

 

Appendix: Glossary of Terms Applied to Cage Processing

Susan Farmer

 

Index

 

Biography

James (Jim) D. Cox, BS, MLAS, RLATG, is Senior Director of Animal and Biological Services at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus in Ashburn, Virginia, where he leads multidisciplinary teams supporting cutting-edge neuroscience and cell physiology research. He built Janelia's animal care and use program from the ground up, establishing the IACUC, developing institutional policies and procedures, and designing staffing models and service infrastructure that have sustained the program through multiple AAALAC accreditation cycles.

Jim's career in laboratory animal facility management spans roles at SmithKline, University of Pennsylvania, Georgetown University, and Charles River Laboratories.  This breadth of experience, across academic medical centers, contract research organizations, and a private research institute, informs a practical, operations-centered perspective on facility management.

He is the 2026 recipient of the AAALAC International Fellowship Award and has served in leadership and editorial roles within both AALAS and the Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA). Jim served on the Board for Americans for Medical Progress and has provided advisory expertise to institutions including the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, the Max Planck Florida Institute, the German Cancer Research Center, and Human Technopole.

Jim holds a Master of Laboratory Animal Science from Drexel University and a B.S. in Animal Science from Virginia Tech.

Bruce W. Kennedy, IACUC Administrator, has had a career in research spanning animals, chemistry, people, and gain of knowledge, which started in California, shifted to Virginia and Maryland, then brought him back.  Writing this bio-sketch in an unconventional manner, I have appreciated even more how these concepts (metaphorical in some ways, applying to jobs and career) meshed together personally. Bruce had a variety of pets as a child and aspired to become a veterinarian, but for what discipline he had little idea.  It wasn’t until he used coturnix quail in nutritional toxicology studies at UC Davis that he learned about lab animal science and its multiple aspects. “Last century”, he received his bachelors in Zoology and masters in Avian Sciences at UC Davis.  Marrying and moving across country, he landed at Virginia Tech, where he ran assays in protein chemistry.  Thereafter, heading to Maryland, it was back to animals, managing them and learning regulations.  Bruce worked at the bench (analytical chemistry) with dogs in protein metabolism and rats in carbohydrate nutrition studies (USDA), writing GLP toxicology reports (Hazleton), preparing experimental diets with test substances for rodents and rabbits (FDA), and learning the care of mice in the emerging field of transgenic technology (NIH).  Along the way, he went “back to school” for the first time to obtain his AALAS credentials of Laboratory Animal Technologist (LATG; when it was paper-n-pencil) and Certified Manager of Animal Resources (CMAR).  He also became more active with AALAS, serving on committees and becoming a trustee.

Just before the 20th century turned, there was an opportunity for a return to California.  What Bruce had learned prepared him to manage a transgenic mouse barrier facility at Caltech and later the research compliance office (IACUC and IRB) at Cal Poly Pomona (CPP), where he also taught students of veterinary technology about laboratory animal management and research.  As well, it was a return to the familiar environments of school and learning.  And again he went “back to school”, obtaining the Certified Professional in IACUC Administration (CPIA) credential from PRIM&R and, as a “mature” student, completing his doctorate in educational leadership at CPP.  Broadening his compliance interests, he decided to study the influential roles of an IRB administrator (not IACUC!) on an institution’s human subjects regulatory program.  Equipped with these experiences and insights, Bruce became the IACUC administrator at other animal programs, namely Chapman University (pharmaceutical models) and presently at UC Santa Cruz (species diverse with rodent/zebrafish, field studies, and marine mammals).

Bruce is proud to share some important times in his career: memberships in many AALAS branches, LAMA, and PRIM&R; service on AALAS’s education and certification committees and the Scientific Advisory Committee; board member of the California Society for Biomedical Research; coordinating conferences, especially on the subjects of genetically-engineered mice, training, and regulatory requirements; multiple seminars on cage wash topics; recipient of the B&K IAT award, the AALAS George R. Collins Award for training; and the Purina LabDiet laboratory animal technician award; serving as ad hoc specialist with AAALAC; writing the column Fruits of Education for Lab Animal; establishing an AALAS committee to promote vet techs working in lab animal science; past president of AALAS and LAWTE; and traveling to animal research meetings throughout the world.  And now this seminal compilation about cage wash operations, meant to promote both the discipline and all involved with it.

Bruce has been been a life-long learner.  His objectives have included to be teacher/trainer, share knowledge, prepare educational materials, present, and mentor. It’s only logical he would become involved in such a project to co-develop this cage wash book for the “hub of the animal facility”.

"Fundamentals of Cage Wash Operations is an outstanding multi-author work that provides basic and detailed information on an aspect of animal care and use that has historically been inappropriately minimized.  All aspects of cage wash operations are discussed by experts in the field and in a way that is easily read and flows through essential topics, including personnel, training, equipment, facility design, safety, and process.  The numerous examples and case studies illustrate relevant, basic principles.  As noted by the editors, cage wash operations represent a hub for successful science; thus, Fundamentals of Cage Wash Operations will stand as a foundational resource for successful research animal care and use programs, and I strongly recommend this book for those working in this field."

Mark Suckow, Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky

“Entry-level no more! This pioneering publication on cage-wash operations and the specialized professionals who service animal equipment propels our industry forward while embracing a culture of care, safety, and education.”

F. Claire Hankenson, DVM, MS, MFA, DACLAM, Associate Vice Provost for Research, Executive Director and Attending Veterinarian; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA