Generalized Estimating Equations

Introduction
Notational Conventions and Acronyms
A Short Review of Generalized Linear Models
Software
Exercises

Model Construction and Estimating Equations
Independent Data
Estimating the Variance of the Estimates
Panel Data
Estimation
Summary
Exercises
R code for Selected Output

Generalized Estimating Equations
Population-Averaged (PA) and Subject-Specific (SS) Models
The PA-GEE for GLMs
The SS-GEE for GLMs
The GEE2 for GLMs
GEEs for Extensions of GLMs
Further Developments and Applications
Missing Data
Choosing an Appropriate Model
Summary
Exercises
R Code for Selected Output

Residuals, Diagnostics, and Testing
Criterion Measures
Analysis of Residuals
Deletion Diagnostics
Goodness of Fit (Population-Averaged Models)
Testing Coefficients in the PA-GEE Model
Assessing the MCAR Assumption of PA-GEE Models
Summary
Exercises

Programs and Datasets
Programs
Datasets

Author Index

Subject Index

Biography

James W. Hardin is the Division Director of Biostatistics and an associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of South Carolina. He is also an affiliated faculty in the Institute for Families in Society. Professor Hardin was the initial author of Stata’s xtgee command and has authored numerous articles and software applications related to GEE and associated models. Professor Hilbe and he have authored three editions of the popular Generalized Linear Models and Extensions and co-authored Stata’s current glm command. He has also co-authored (with P. Good) four editions of the well-accepted Common Errors in Statistics (and How to Avoid Them).

Joseph M. Hilbe is a Solar System Ambassador with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, an adjunct professor of statistics at Arizona State University, and an Emeritus Professor at the University of Hawaii. An elected fellow of the American Statistical Association and elected member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI), Professor Hilbe is president of the International Astrostatistics Association as well as chair of the ISI Sports Statistics and Astrostatistics committees. He has authored two editions of the bestseller Negative Binomial Regression, Logistic Regression Models, and Astrostatistical Challenges for the New Astronomy. He has also co-authored Methods of Statistical Model Estimation (with A. Robinson), Quasi-Least Squares Regression (with J. Shults), and R for Stata Users (with R. Muenchen).

"Overall, I found this to be a very useful book on GEE, and would recommend it to anyone planning to use GEE models in their data analysis. Both the theory and practical aspects of constructing and analysing such models is covered. Inclusion of code for many of the analyses is an excellent feature."
—Ken J. Beath, Macquarie University, Australia, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics, April 2017

" … the authors expand the text with several additions: (I) they examine and include entirely new topics related to GEE and the estimation of clustered and longitudinal models; (2) they add more detailed discussions of previously presented topics, including expanding the discussion of various models associated with GEE (penalized GEE, survey GEE, and quasi-least-square regression), adding material on hypothesis testing and diagnostics, and introducing alternative models for ordered categorical outcomes and an extension of the QIC, which is a model selection criterion measure; (3) they expand the amount of computer code by adding R code to duplicate the Stata examples wherever possible.
In my opinion, the second edition is enhanced by the additions mentioned above, providing an excellent review of the GEE, wide coverage of its variations, and many useful computing techniques. I believe it would be a very useful reference book for practicing researchers and graduate students who are interested in research topics related to GEE."
—CindyYu, Iowa State University in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 2013

"The second edition … adds a few new topics related to various extensions of GEE … [and replaces] outdated S-PLUS codes with R scripts. Also, the number of exercises increased significantly … . For those who want to use this book in the classroom, including me, having extra exercise sets is certainly a welcome addition. … One main strength of this book is its comprehensive coverage of Stata implementation of the GEE. … a valuable reference and is particularly useful for practitioners. It can serve as supplemental reading in longitudinal data analysis classes as well."
—Woncheol Jang, Biometrics, September 2013

Praise for the First Edition:
"… well-written chapters … . The book contains challenging problems in exercises and is suitable to be a textbook in a graduate-level course on estimating functions. The references are up-to-date and exhaustive. … I enjoyed reading [this book] and recommend [it] very highly to the statistical community."
—Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, February 2005

"[The book] is comprehensive and covers much useful material with formulas presented in detail … a useful and recommendable book both for those who already work with GEE methods and for newcomers to the field."
—Per Kragh Andersen, University of Copenhagen, Statistics in Medicine, 2004

"Generalized Estimating Equations is the first and only book to date dedicated exclusively to generalized estimating equations (GEE). I find it to be a good reference text for anyone using generalized linear models (GLIM).
The authors do a good job of not only presenting the general theory of GEE models, but also giving explicit examples of various correlation structures, link functions and a comparison between population-averaged and subject-specific models. Furthermore, there are sections on the analysis of residuals, deletion diagnostics, goodness-of-fit criteria, and hypothesis testing.
Good data-driven examples that give comparisons between different GEE models are provided throughout the book. Perhaps the greatest strength of this book is its completeness. It is a thorough compendium of information from the GEE literature. Overall, Generalized Estimating Equations contains a unique survey of GEE models in an attempt to unify notation and provide the most in-depth treatment of GEEs. I believe that it serves as a valuable reference for researchers, teachers, and students who study and practice GLIM methodology."
—Journal of the American Statistics Association, March 2004

"Generalized Estimating Equations is a good introductory book for analysing continuous and discrete data using GEE methods ... . This book is easy to read, and it assumes that the reader has some background in GLM. Many examples are drawn from biomedical studies and survey studies, and so it provides good guidance for analysing correlated data in these and other areas."
—Technometrics, 2003