Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers

• About the Editor
  
• Contributors
  
• Foreword (Ian Robert Hall)
  
• Preface
  
• Acknowledgments
  
• Chapter 1. Potential and Possible Uses of Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers (Francesco Gentili and Ari Jumpponen)
  
• Introduction
  
• N₂-Fixing Bacteria As Microbial Biofertilizers
  
• Symbiotic N₂-Fixing Bacteria
  
• Cyanobacteria
  
• N₂-Fixing Associated Bacteria
  
• Free-Living N₂-Fixing Bacteria
  
• Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
  
• Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria
  
• Plant Hormone Production by Bacteria
  
• Fungi and Their Potential As Biofertilizers
  
• Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers
  
• Use of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers
  
• Other Root-Colonizing Fungi
  
• Multiple Inoculations and Interactions Among Potential Biofertilizers
  
• Future Perspectives and Conclusions
  
• Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Functional Group of Microorganisms As Bioindicators on the Rhizosphere Miscrocosm (Ulisses Brigatto Albino and Galdino Andrade)
  
• Introduction
  
• The Functional Groups
  
• Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism Groups
  
• Protocols
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 3. Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF, and Host in Growth Promotion (Nanjian Raman and Thangaswamy Selvaraj)
  
• Introduction
  
• Rhizobium and AMF Interactions
  
• Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities
  
• Enzyme Activities
  
• Growth Hormones
  
• Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements
  
• Heavy Metals
  
• Plant Uptake of Metals
  
• Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
  
• Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses
  
• Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  
• Chapter 4. Biological Fertilizers for Sustainable Rice Production (S. Kannaiyan and K. Kumar)
  
• Introduction
  
• Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop
  
• Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae
  
• Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria
  
• N₂-Fixng Stem-Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice
  
• Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice
  
• Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency
  
• Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency
  
• Soil Enzyme Activity
  
• Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots for N₂ Fixation
  
• Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice
  
• Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 5. Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological Impact in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Robin Duponnois)
  
• Introduction
  
• The Mycorrhizosphere Effect
  
• Evidence
  
• Biological Properties
  
• Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect
  
• Application
  
• Conclusions and Perspectives
  
• Chapter 6. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides (Manas Ranjan Banerjee, Laila Yesmin, and Joseph Kevin Vessey)
  
• Introduction
  
• Biofertilizers
  
• Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPR and Their Hosts
  
• Mode of Action of PGPR As Biofertilizers
  
• Biopesticides
  
• Mode of Action of PGPR As Biopesticides
  
• Viability and Shelf Life of PGPR
  
• Benefits of PGPR
  
• Limitations of PGPR
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 7. Sustainable Agriculture and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis (João Ruy Jardim Freire and Enilson Luiz Saccol de Sá)
  
• Introduction
  
• Diversity of Rhizobia
  
• The Selection of Rhizobia Strains
  
• Desirable Characteristics
  
• Production and Quality of the Inoculants
  
• Techniques of Inoculation
  
• Soil Limiting Factors
  
• Some Management Practices
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 8. Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity and Potential As Biofertilizer (Hamdi Hussein Zahran)
  
• Introduction
  
• Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia
  
• Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established with Wild Rhizobia
  
• Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme Conditions
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 9. Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming Systems (Tanu, Anil Prakash, and Alok Adholeya)
  
• Introduction
  
• Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming
  
• Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential
  
• Selection of AM Fungi
  
• Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control
  
• Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production
  
• Application of AM Fungi
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 10. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry (Hanna Dahm)
  
• Introduction
  
• Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae
  
• Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees
  
• Occurrence of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests
  
• Soil Type and Humus Properties
  
• Ecological Specificity
  
• Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil
  
• Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth
  
• Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction
  
• Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal Association
  
• Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae: Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 11. Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants (Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano)
  
• Introduction
  
• Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae to the Host Plant
  
• Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange
  
• Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil
  
• Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential for Plant Growth
  
• Osmotic Adjustment
  
• Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated by Drought
  
• Future Perspectives and Conclusions
  
• Chapter 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nursery Practice (Miguel Marin)
  
• Introduction
  
• Types of Mycorrhizae
  
• Mycorrhizae Effects on Plant Physiology
  
• Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil Microbiota
  
• Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers
  
• Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems
  
• Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation Systems
  
• Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery Plant Production
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 13. Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root Pathogens (Leonor Costa Maia, Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira, and Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante)
  
• Introduction
  
• Root Colonization
  
• Changes Produced by Mycorrhization
  
• Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Pathogenic Fungi
  
• Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi × Bacteria
  
• Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi × Nematodes
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 14. Production of Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Performance After Outplanting (Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior, and Elaine Maria Ribeiro da Silva)
  
• Introduction
  
• Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF
  
• Production of Inoculants for Seedlings
  
• Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF
  
• Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 15. Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF) Biofertilizer in the Global Market (Polachi Raja)
  
• Introduction
  
• World Fertilizer Consumption
  
• Alternative Farming Systems
  
• Sustainable Agriculture Systems
  
• Effective Microorganisms
  
• Evolution of AMF
  
• Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation
  
• AMF Benefits of Symbiosis
  
• Impact of AMF in Agriculture
  
• Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum
  
• Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 16. Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers: Potentials and Limitations (Pilar Irisarri)
  
• Introduction
  
• Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers
  
• Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants
  
• Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer
  
• Inoculation and Crop Yield
  
• Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation
  
• Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input to the Agroecosystem
  
• Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile?
  
• Integrated Soil Fertility Management
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 17. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice: Present Status and Future Prospects (Siba Prasad Adhikary and Bagmi Pattanaik)
  
• Introduction
  
• Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
  
• Factors Governing Distribution of Cyanobacteria During the Crop Growth Cycle
  
• Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth in Paddy Fields
  
• Phosphorus
  
• Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield and Maintenance of Soil Quality
  
• Algalization Technology
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Conclusions
  
• Chapter 18. A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in South American and European Rice-Fields (Carlos Hugo Porsperi)
  
• Introduction
  
• Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field
  
• Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo
  
• Samples Collection and Identification
  
• The Diversity of Cyanobacteria
  
• Future Perspectives
  
• Appendix: Identification Key for Most Common Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain
  
• Chapter 19. Piriformospora indica As a New and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer: Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture (Sarika Shende, Kanchan Bhagwat, Prasad Wadegaonkar, Mahendra Rai, and Ajit Varma)
  
• Introduction
  
• The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics
  
• Mycelial Penetration in Host
  
• Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall
  
• Molecular Systemetics
  
• Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts
  
• In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera
  
• Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids
  
• Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites
  
• Mechanisms Involved During Colonization
  
• Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes
  
• Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction
  
• Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula
  
• Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward for Inoculum Production
  
• Application in Horticulture
  
• Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne Microbes
  
• Conclusions and Future Directions
  
• Chapter 20. Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer? (Wang Yun and Ian Robert Hall)
  
• Introduction
  
• Matsutake in the Commercial World
  
• Taxonomic History of Matsutake
  
• Ecology
  
• Morphology of Matsutake Infections
  
• Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake
  
• Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants
  
• Future Challenges
  
• Conclusions
  
• Index
  
• Reference Notes Included
  

Biography

Mahendra Rai