Handbook of Processes and Modeling in the Soil-Plant System

• About the Editors
• Contributors
• Preface
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Physical Processes
• Energy Balance at the Earth’s Surface
• Heat Flow Processes in a Soil Profile
• Gas/Air Flow Processes in a Soil Profile
• Water Flow Processes in a Soil Profile
• Coupled Water and Heat Flow Processes Within the Soil
• Water and Heat Flow Processes of a Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer System (SVAT)
• Summary
• Chapter 2. Chemical Processes
• Electrochemical Properties of Soil Solids
• Electrical Charges of Soil Clays
• Electrical Charges of Soil Organic Substances
• Electrochemical Properties of Soil Solutes
• Electric Double Layers
• Adsorption and Cation Exchange Reactions
• Summary
• Chapter 3. Biological Processes
• Soil As a Biological System
• Biological Processes Occurring in Soil and Their Kinetics
• Rhizosphere-Microbial and Soil Fauna-Microbial Interactions
• Microbial Activity and Microbial Diversity
• Modeling Soil Biological Processes
• Summary
• Chapter 4. The Conformational Structure of Humic Substances
• Paradigms in Humus Chemistry
• Models of Conformational Structure of Humic Substances
• The Supramolecular Associations of Self-Assembling Humic Molecules
• Enzymatic Polymerization of Humic Molecules
• Computational Models of Conformational Structure of Humic Substances
• Concepts of Supramolecular Association of Humic Substances
• Summary
• Chapter 5. Processes of Soil Formation
• Formation of Parent Material
• Surface Soil-Forming Processes
• Soil-Forming Processes in Lower Soil Horizons
• Modeling Soil-Forming Processes
• Summary
• Chapter 6. Radioactivity in the Soil-Plant System
• Deposition of Radionuclides
• Behaviour of Radionuclides in Soils
• Soil- to-Plant Transfer of Radionuclides
• Modeling Radioactivity in Soil-Plant System
• Future Outlook
• Summary
• Chapter 7. Soil Acidification
• Buffering Processes
• Acid-Generating Processes Connected with C, N, and S Cycling
• Proton Budgets
• Aluminum Chemistry
• Soil Acidification Sensitivity
• Acidification of Arable Soils
• Acidification of Forest Soils
• Future Perspectives
• Summary
• Chapter 8. Soil Alkalinization
• Origin and Distribution of Alkali Soils
• Ion Exchange
• Clay Swelling and Dispersion
• Alkali Soil Reclamation
• Summary
• Chapter 9. Soil Erosion and Conservation
• Erosion of Soil by Wind
• Modeling Wind Erosion
• Erosion of Soil by Water
• Modeling Water Erosion
• Summary
• Chapter 10. Soil Water Dynamics
• Model Characteristics
• Simulating Soil-Water-Plant-Atmosphere-Management Dynamics
• Limitations of Models with Homogenous Soil Water Properties
• Summary
• Chapter 11. Solute-Water Interactions
• The Transport Volume
• Piston Displacement of Solute
• Transfer Function Models
• Solute Reactions During Transport
• Extension of Models to Large Areas
• Summary
• Chapter 12. Soil-Atmosphere Interactions
• Carbon Dioxide Exchange
• Soils As a Source/Sink for Methane
• Oxides of Nitrogen: N2O and NO
• Past, Current, and Future Trends
• Summary
• Chapter 13. Soil Organic Matter Dynamics
• Assessment of Soil Carbon Pools
• Organic Matter Fractions and Transformations
• Factors and Processes Affecting Accumulation and Depletion of Soil Organic Matter
• Soil Organic Matter and Climate Change
• A Global Inventory of Soil Organic Matter
• Modeling Soil Organic Matter Dynamics
• Summary
• Chapter 14. Nitrogen Dynamics
• Assessment of Soil N Pools
• Nitrogen Input Processes
• Nitrogen Loss Processes
• Nitrogen Transformation Processes
• Crop N Uptake
• Modeling Nitrogen Dynamics in the Soil-Plant System
• Evaluation, Comparison, and Application of Models
• Summary
• Chapter 15. Phosphorus Dynamics
• The Conceptual Model
• Phosphorus Forms in Plant and Soil and Eutrophication
• Phosphorus Transport Considerations
• Adsorption-Desportion
• Precipitation-Dissolution Kinetics
• Organic-P Transformations
• P Uptake and Activity and Growth of Roots
• Models Describing P-Dynamics in Soil
• Summary
• Chapter 16. Potassium Dynamics
• Long-Term K Dynamics in Soil-Plant Systems
• K Dynamics in Soils and Plants During Crop Growth
• Validation and Application of Multiparameter Mechanistic K Models
• Summary
• Chapter 17. Secondary Nutrients: Sulphur, Calcium, and Magnesium
• Input to Soils
• Reactions in Soils
• Plant Uptake
• Plant Requirements
• Interactions with Other Nutrients
• Animal Requirements
• Modeling Concepts and Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 18. Micronutrients and Toxic Elements
• Sources of Trace Elements in Soils
• Forms of Trace Elements in Soils
• Factors Affecting the Solubility and Bioavailability of Trace Elements
• Mobility of Trace Elements in Soils
• Modeling of Trace Element Speciation in Soil Solution
• Modeling the Distribution of Trace Elements Between Soil Solution and Solid Phases
• Kinetics of Trace Element Reactions in Soils
• Modeling of Trace Element Leaching from Soil
• Applications of Trace Element Modeling in Soils
• Summary
• Chapter 19. Agrochemicals
• Sorption and Degradation in Soil
• Transport in Soil
• Volatilization
• Plant Uptake
• Summary
• Chapter 20. Crop Growth and Development
• History
• Description of the Appropriate Processes
• Concepts in Modeling the Processes
• Applications of Crop Models
• Generic Crop Simulation Models
• Summary
• Chapter 21. Modeling Crop Responses to Plant Growth Regulators
• The Uses of Plant Growth Regulators
• The Need for Model Development
• Crop Growth Model
• Database and Model Development
• Model Validation and Application
• On-Farm Use of Crop Models and Technology Transfer
• Summary
• Chapter 22. Modeling: Potential and Limitations
• Scale and Hierarchy
• Determinacy and Randomness
• Error and Nonlinearity
• Validation and Parameterization
• Application of Models
• How Might Soil Modeling Development Further?
• Summary
• Index
• Reference Notes Included

Biography

Rolf Nieder, D. Benbi