Handbook of Superconductivity Theory, Materials, Processing, Characterization and Applications (3-Volume Set)

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Editors-in-Chief

Contributors

Volume 1 – Fundamentals and Materials

Part A Fundamentals of Superconductivity

A1 Introduction to Section A1: History, Mechanisms and Materials

David A. Cardwell and David C. Larbalestier

A1.1 Historical Development of Superconductivity

Brian Pippard

A1.2 An Introduction to Superconductivity

William F. "Joe" Vinen and Terry P. Orlando

A1.3 The Polaronic Basis for High-Temperature Superconductivity

K. Alex Müller

A2 Introduction to Section A2: Fundamental Properties

Alexander V. Gurevich

A2.1 Phenomenological Theories

Archie M. Campbell

A2.2 Microscopic Theory

Anthony J. Leggett

A2.3 Normal-State Metallic Behavior in Contrast to Superconductivity: An Introduction

David Welch

A2.4 The Meissner–Ochsenfeld Effect

Rudolf P. Huebener

A2.5 Loss of Superconductivity in Magnetic Fields

Rudolf P. Huebener

A2.6 High-Frequency Electromagnetic Properties

Adrian Porch, Enrico Silva, and Ruggero Vaglio

A2.7 Flux Quantization

Colin Gough

A2.8 Josephson Effects

Edward J. Tarte

A2.9 Other Josephson-Related Phenomena

Alexander A. Golubov and Francesco Tafuri

A3 Introduction to Section A3: Critical Currents of Type II Superconductors

David A. Cardwell

A3.1 Vortices and Their Interaction

E. Helmut Brandt

A3.2 Flux Pinning

Kees van der Beek and Peter H. Kes

Part B Low-Temperature Superconductors

B Introduction to Section B: Low-Temperature Superconductors

Peter J. Lee

B1 Nb-Based Superconductors

Gianluca De Marzi and Luigi Muzzi

B2 Magnesium Diboride

Chiara Tarantini

B3 Chevrel Phases

Damian P. Hampshire

Part C High-Temperature Superconductors

C Introduction to Section C: High-Temperature Superconductors

Jeffery L. Tallon

C1 YBCO

Jeffery L. Tallon

C2 Bismuth-Based Superconductors

Jun-ichi Shimoyama

C3 TIBCCO

Emilio Bellingeri and René Flükiger

C4 HgBCCO

Judy Z. Wu

C5 Iron-Based Superconductors

Hideo Hosono

C6 Hydrides

Jeffery L. Tallon

Part D Other Superconductors

D Introduction to Section D: Other Superconductors

Peter B. Littlewood

D1 Unconventional Superconductivity in Heavy Fermion and Ruthenate Materials

Stephen R. Julian

D2 Organic Superconductors

Gunzi Saito and Yukihiro Yoshida

D3 Fullerene Superconductors

Yoshihiro Iwasa and Kosmas Prassides

D4 Future High-Tc Superconductors

Ching-Wu Chu, Liangzi Deng, and Bing Lv

D5 Fe-Based Chalcogenide Superconductors

Ming-Jye Wang, Phillip M. Wu, and Maw-Kuen Wu

D6 Interface Superconductivity

Jörg Schmalian

D7 Topological Superconductivity

Panagiotis Kotetes

Volume 2 – Processing and Cryogenics

PART E Processing

E1 Introduction to Processing Methods

Kazumasa Iida

E2 Introduction to Section E2: Bulk Materials

Kazumasa Iida

E2.1 Introduction to Bulk Firing Techniques

Mark O. Rikel and Frank N. Werfel

E2.2 (RE)BCO Melt Processing Techniques: Fundamentals of the Melt Process

Yunhua Shi and David A. Cardwell

E2.3 Melt Processing Techniques: Melt Processing for BSCCO

Jun-ichi Shimoyama

E2.4 Growth of Superconducting Single Crystals

Debra L. Kaiser and Lynn F. Schneemeyer

E2.5 Growth of A15 Type Single Crystals and Polycrystals and Their Physical Properties

René Flükiger

E2.6 Irradiation

Harald W. Weber

E2.7 Superconductors in Future Accelerators: Irradiation Problems

René Flükiger, Tiziana Spina, Francesco Cerutti, Amalia Ballarino, and Luca Bottura

E3 Introduction to Section E3: Processing of Wires and Tapes

Jianyi Jiang

E3.1 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi-2212

Jianyi Jiang and Eric E. Hellstrom

E3.2 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi,Pb(2223)

Kenichi Sato

E3.3 Highlights on Tl(1223)

Athena Safa Sefat

E3.4 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound YBCO

Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll

E3.5 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Hg(1223)

Ayako Yamamoto

E3.6 Overview of High Field LTS Materials (Without Nb3Sn)

René Flükiger

E3.7 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Alloy Nb–Ti

Lance D. Cooley, Peter J. Lee, and David C. Larbalestier

E3.8 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Sn

Ian Pong

E3.9 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Al

Takao Takeuchi, Akihiro Kikuchi, Nobuya Banno, and Yasuo Iijima

E3.10 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compounds PbMo6S8 and SnMo6S8

Bernd Seeber

E3.11 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound MgB2

Akiyasu Yamamoto and René Flükiger

E3.12 Processing Pnictide Superconductors

Jeremy D. Weiss and Eric E. Hellstrom

E4 Introduction to Section E4: Thick and Thin Films

François Weiss and Michael Lorenz

E4.1 Substrates and Functional Buffer Layers

Bernhard Holzapfel and Jörg Wiesmann

E4.2 Physical Vapor Thin-Film Deposition Techniques

Roger Wördenweber

E4.3 Chemical Deposition Processes for REBa2Cu3O7 Coated Conductors

François Weiss and Carmen Jimenez

E4.4 High Temperature Superconductor Films: Processing Techniques

Paul Seidel and Volker Tympel

E4.5 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: Low-Tc

Sergey K. Tolpygo, Thomas Schurig, and Johannes Kohlmann

E4.6 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: High-Tc

Aleksander I. Braginski and Brian H. Moeckly

E5 Introduction to Section E5: Superconductor Contacts

Kazumasa Iida

E5.1 Superconductor to Normal-Metal Contacts

Jack W. Ekin

E5.2 Resistive High Current Splices

Christian Scheuerlein

E5.3 Persistent Mode Joints

Susie Speller, Timothy Davies, and Chris Grovenor

PART F Refrigeration Methods

F1 Introduction to Part F: Refrigeration Methods

Ray Radebaugh

F1.1 Review of Refrigeration Methods

Ray Radebaugh

F1.2 Pulse Tube Cryocoolers

John M. Pfotenhauer and Xiaoqin Zhi

F1.3 Gifford–McMahon Cryocoolers

Mingyao Xu and Ralph Longsworth

F1.4 Microcooling

Marcel ter Brake and Haishan Cao

F1.5 Cooling with Liquid Helium

John M. Pfotenhauer

　

Volume 3 – Characterization and Applications

Part G Characterization and Modelling Techniques

G1 Introduction to Section G1: Structure/Microstructure

Lance D. Cooley

G1.1 X-Ray Studies: Chemical Crystallography

Lance D. Cooley, Roman Gladyshevskii, and Theo Siegrist

G1.2 X-Ray Studies: Phase Transformations and Microstructure Changes

Christian Scheuerlein and M. Di Michiel

G1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy

Fumitake Kametani

G1.4 An Introduction to Digital Image Analysis of Superconductors

Charlie Sanabria and Peter J. Lee

G1.5 Optical Microscopy

Pavel Diko

G1.6 Neutron Techniques: Flux-Line Lattice

Jonathan White

G2 Introduction to Section G2: Measurement and Interpretation of Electromagnetic Properties

Fedor Gömöry

G2.1 Electromagnetic Properties of Superconductors

Archie M. Campbell

G2.2 Numerical Models of the Electromagnetic Behavior of Superconductors

Francesco Grilli

G2.3 DC Transport Critical Currents

Marc Dhallé

G2.4 Characterisation of the Transport Critical Current Density for Conductor Applications

Mark J. Raine, Simon A. Keys, and Damian P. Hampshire

G2.5 Magnetic Measurements of Critical Current Density, Pinning, and Flux Creep

Michael Eisterer

G2.6 AC Susceptibility

Carles Navau, Nuria Del-Valle, and Alvaro Sanchez

G2.7 AC Losses in Superconducting Materials, Wires, and Tapes

Michael D. Sumption, Milan Majoros, and Edward W. Collings

G2.8 Characterization of Superconductor Magnetic Properties in Crossed Magnetic Fields

Philippe Vanderbemden

G2.9 Microwave Impedance

Adrian Porch

G2.10 Local Probes of Magnetic Field Distribution

Alejandro V. Silhanek, Simon Bending, and Steve Lee

G2.11 Some Unusual and Systematic Properties of Hole-Doped Cuprates in the Normal and Superconducting States

John R. Cooper

G3 Introduction to Section G3: Thermal, Mechanical, and Other Properties

Antony Carrington

G3.1 Thermal Properties: Specific Heat

Antony Carrington

G3.2 Thermal Properties: Thermal Conductivity

Kamran Behnia

G3.3 Thermal Properties: Thermal Expansion

Christoph Meingast

G3.4 Mechanical Properties

Wilfried Goldacker

G3.5 Magneto-Optical Characterization Techniques

Anatolii A. Polyanskii and David C. Larbalestier

Part H Applications

H1 Introduction to Large Scale Applications

John H. Durrell and Mark Ainslie

H1.1 Electromagnet Fundamentals

Harry Jones

H1.2 Superconducting Magnet Design

M’hamed Lakrimi

H1.3 MRI Magnets

Michael Parizh and Wolfgang Stautner

H1.4 High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads

Amalia Ballarino

H1.5 Cables

Naoyuki Amemiya

H1.6 AC and DC Power Transmission

Antonio Morandi

H1.7 Fault-Current Limiters

Tabea Arndt

H1.8 Energy Storage

Ahmet Cansiz

H1.9 Transformers

Nicholas J. Long

H1.10 Electrical Machines Using HTS Conductors

Mark D. Ainslie

H1.11 Electrical Machines Using Bulk HTS

Mark D. Ainslie

H1.12 Homopolar Motors

Arkadiy Matsekh

H1.13 Magnetic Separation

James H. P. Watson and Peter A. Beharrell

H1.14 Superconducting Radiofrequency Cavities

Gianluigi Ciovati

H2 Introduction to Section H2: High-Frequency Devices

John Gallop and Horst Rogalla

H2.1 Microwave Resonators and Filters

Daniel E. Oates

H2.2 Transmission Lines

Orest G. Vendik

H2.3 Antennae

Heinz J. Chaloupka and Victor K. Kornev

H3 Introduction to Section H3: Josephson Junction Devices

John Gallop and Alex I. Braginski

H3.1 Josephson Effects

Francesco Tafuri

H3.2 SQUIDs

Jaap Flokstra and Paul Seidel

H3.3 Biomagnetism

Tilmann H. Sander Thoemmes

H3.4 Nondestructive Evaluation

Hans-Joachim Krause, Michael Mück, and Saburo Tanaka

H3.5 Digital Electronics

Oleg A. Mukhanov

H3.6 Superconducting Analog-to-Digital Converters

Alan M. Kadin and Oleg A. Mukhanov

H3.7 Superconducting Qubits

Britton Plourde and Frank K. Wilhelm-Mauch

H4 Introduction to Radiation and Particle Detectors that Use Superconductivity

Caroline A. Kilbourne

H4.1 Superconducting Tunnel Junction Radiation Detectors

Stephan Friedrich

H4.2 Transition-Edge Sensors

Douglas A. Bennett

H4.3 Superconducting Materials for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Benjamin A. Mazin

H4.4 Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters

Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, Sebastian Kempf, and Christian Enss

H4.5 Optical Detectors and Sensors

Roman Sobolewski

H4.6 Low-Noise Superconducting Mixers for the Terahertz Frequency Range

Victor Belitsky, Serguei Cherednichenko, and Dag Winkler

H4.7 Applications: Metrology

John Gallop, Ling Hao, and Alain Rüfenacht

Glossary

Index

Biography

Professor David Cardwell, FREng, is Professor of Superconducting Engineering and Pro-Vice-Chancellor responsible for Strategy and Planning at the University of Cambridge. He was Head of the Engineering Department between 2014 and 2018. Prof. Cardwell, who established the Bulk Superconductor research group at Cambridge in 1992, has a world-wide reputation on the processing and applications of bulk high temperature superconductors. He was a founder member of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity (ESAS) in 1998 and has served as a Board member and Treasurer of the Society for the past 12 years. He is an active board member of three international journals, including Superconductor Science and Technology, and has authored over 380 technical papers and patents in the field of bulk superconductivity since 1987. He has given invited presentations at over 70 international conferences and collaborates widely around the world with academic institutes and industry. Prof. Cardwell was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2012 in recognition of his contribution to the development of superconducting materials for engineering applications. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Hong Kong. He was awarded a Sc.D. by the University of Cambridge in 2014 and an honorary D.Sc. by the University of Warwick in 2015.

Professor David Larbalestier is Krafft Professor of Superconducting Materials at Florida State University and Chief Materials Scientist at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He was for many years Director of the Applied Superconductivity Center, first at the University of Wisconsin in Madison (1991-2006) before moving the Center to the NHMFL at Florida State University, stepping down as Director in 2018. He has been deeply interested in understanding superconducting materials that are or potentially useful as conductors and made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of Nb-Ti alloys, Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7-, Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox, (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox, MgB2 and the Fe-based compounds. Fabrication of high field test magnets has always been an interest, starting with the first high field filamentary Nb3Sn magnets while at Rutherford Laboratory and more recently the world’s highest field DC magnet (45.5 T using a 14.5 T REBCO insert inside a 31 T resistive magnet). These works are described in ~490 papers written in partnership with more than 70 PhD students and postdocs, as well as other collaborators. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 and is a Fellow of the APS, IOP, IEEE, MRS and AAAS. He received his B.Sc. (1965) and Ph.D. (1970) degrees from Imperial College at the University of London and taught at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1976-2006.

Professor Alex Braginski is retired Director of a former Superconducting Electronics Institute at the Research Center Jülich (FZJ), retired Professor of Physics at the University of Wuppertal, both in Germany, and currently a guest researcher at FZJ. He received his doctoral and D.Sc. degrees in Poland, where in early 1950s he pioneered the development of ferrite technology and subsequently their industrial manufacturing, for which he received a Polish National Prize. He headed the Polfer Research Laboratory there until leaving Poland in 1966. At the Westinghouse R&D Center in Pittsburgh, PA, USA, he then in turn managed magnetics, superconducting materials and superconducting electronics groups until retiring in 1989. Personally contributed there to technology of thin-film Nb3Ge conductors and Josephson junctions (JJs), both A15 and high-Tc, also epitaxial. Invited by FZJ, he joined it and contributed to development of high-Tc JJs and RF SQUIDs. After retiring in 1989, was Vice President R&D at Cardiomag Imaging, Inc. in Schenectady, NY, USA, 2000-2002. Co-edited and co-authored The SQUID Handbook, 2004-2006, several book chapters, and authored or co-authored well over 200 journal publications and 17 patents. He founded and served as Editor of the IEEE CSC Superconductivity News Forum (SNF), 2007-2017. Is Fellow of IEEE and APS, and recipient of the IEEE CSC Award for Continuing and Significant Contributions in the Field of Applied Superconductivity, 2006.