Image Encryption A Communication Perspective

Introduction

Fundamentals of Image Encryption
Introduction
Basic Concepts of Cryptography
     Goals of Cryptography 
     Principles of Encryption
Classification of Encryption Algorithms 
     Classification According to Encryption Structure 
     Classification According to Keys 
     Classification According to Percentage of Encrypted Data
Cryptanalysis
Features of Image Encryption Schemes
Conventional Symmetric Block Ciphers 
     Data Encryption Standard
     Double DES 
     Triple DES 
     International Data Encryption Algorithm 
     Blowfish 
     RC5 Algorithm 
          RC5 Encryption Algorithm 
          RC5 Decryption Algorithm 
          RC5 Key Expansion 
     RC6 Algorithm
          RC6 Encryption Algorithm 
          RC6 Decryption Algorithm 
     The Advanced Encryption Standard
Modes of Operation 
     The ECB Mode 
     The CBC Mode
     The CFB Mode 
     The OFB Mode
Chaos and Cryptography
The 2D Chaotic Baker Map

Encryption Evaluation Metrics
Introduction
Encryption Evaluation Metrics 
     Histogram Deviation 
     Correlation Coefficient 
     Irregular Deviation 
     Histogram Uniformity 
     Deviation from Ideality 
     Avalanche Effect 
     NPCR and UACI
Other Tests
     Noise Immunity 
     The Processing Time
Testing the Evaluation Metrics
Summary

Homomorphic Image Encryption
Overview
Homomorphic Cryptosystem
Security Analysis and Test Results 
     Statistical Analysis 
          Histograms of Encrypted Images 
          Encryption Quality Measurements 
     Key Space Analysis 
          Exhaustive Key Search
          Key Sensitivity Test 
     Differential Analysis
Effect of Noise
Summary

Chaotic Image Encryption with Different Modes of Operation
Overview
Chaotic Encryption with Modes of Operation
Implementation Issues
Simulation Examples and Discussion
Summary

Diffusion Mechanism for Data Encryption in the ECB Mode
Introduction
The Preprocessing Network
     The Addition Part
     The SPN
Implementation Issues 
     Effect of the Normalized Block Size on Diffusion 
     Effect of the Normalized Block Size on Block Dependency
Simulation Examples
     Encryption Quality
     Diffusion 
     Encryption of Images with Few Details
Summary

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Introduction
Basic Principles of OFDM
     Orthogonality 
     Frequency Domain Orthogonality
OFDM System Model 
     FFT-OFDM 
     DCT-OFDM 
     DWT–OFDM 
     Discrete Wavelet Transform 
          Implementation of the DWT 
          Haar Wavelet Transform
Guard Interval Insertion
Communication Channels 
     Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 
     Fading Channel
Channel Estimation and Equalization

OFDM Limitations
Introduction
Analysis of Intercarrier Interference
CFO in FFT-OFDM System Model
CFO in DCT-OFDM System Model
CFO in DWT-OFDM System Model
CFO Compensation
Simulation Parameters
Effect of PAPR
PAPR Reduction Methods 
     The Clipping Method 
     The Companding Method 
     The Hybrid Clipping-and-Companding Method
Simulation Experiments of PAPR Reduction Methods
Sampling Clock Offset 
     System Model

Simulation Examples
Simulation Parameters
Simulation Experiments in the Presence of CFO
Simulation Experiments for Enhanced Algorithms
Simulation Experiments of PAPR Reduction Methods
Summary

References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Index

Biography

Fathi E. Abd El-Samie received the BSc(Honors), MSc, and PhD degrees from Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt, in 1998, 2001, and 2005, respectively. Since 2005, he has been a teaching staff member with the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. He is currently a researcher at KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICs). He is a co-author of about 200 papers in international conference proceedings and journals and four textbooks. His current research interests include image enhancement, image restoration, image interpolation, superresolution reconstruction of images, data hiding, multimedia communications, medical image processing, optical signal processing, and digital communications.

Dr. Abd El-Samie was a recipient of the Most Cited Paper Award from the Digital Signal Processing journal in 2008.

Hossam Eldin H. Ahmed received a BSC(Honors) in nuclear engineering in June 1969 (Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt); an MSc in microelectronic electron diffraction in April 1977 (Nuclear Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University); and a PhD in June 1983 (High Institute of Electronic and Optics, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France). From 1970 to 1977, he was in the Egyptian marine forces. He was a demonstrator in 1977, teaching lectures and staff members with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Menoufia University. In 1993, he became a professor of microelectronics, VLSI design technology, communication systems, and computer networks. From 1993 until 1999, he was vice dean for education and student affairs at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering. In 2001, he became a chairman of the Electronics and Electrical Communications Department. He is a member of the Menoufia periodic electronic faculty jou