1st Edition
Implementation Science The Key Concepts
This accessible textbook introduces a wide spectrum of ideas, approaches, and examples that make up the emerging field of implementation science, including implementation theory, processes and methods, data collection and analysis, brokering interest on the ground, and sustainable implementation.
Containing over 60 concise essays, each addressing the thorny problem of how we can make care more evidence-informed, this book looks at how implementation science should be defined, how it can be conducted, and how it is assessed. It offers vital insight into how research findings that are derived from healthcare contexts can help make sense of service delivery and patient encounters. Each entry concentrates on an important concept and examines the idea’s evidence base, root causes and effects, ideas and applications, and methodologies and methods. Revealing a very human side to caregiving, but also tackling its more complex and technological aspects, the contributors draw on real-life healthcare examples to look both at why things go right in introducing a new intervention and at what can go wrong. Implementation Science: The Key Concepts provides a toolbox of rich, contemporary thought from leading international thinkers, clearly and succinctly delivered.
This comprehensive and enlightening range of ideas and examples brought together in one place is essential reading for all students, researchers, and practitioners with an interest in translating knowledge into practice in healthcare.
Part I Principles and Concepts of Implementation Science
1 Complexity Science
Jeffrey Braithwaite
2 Taking a Systems View
Moriah E. Ellen and Saritte Perlman
3 Resilience Changes the Lens for Healthcare Implementation Systems
David D. Woods and Michael F. Rayo
4 Implementation Systems that Support Resilient Performance
Michael F. Rayo
5 Principles of Implementation Science
Amy M. Kilbourne
6 Medical Humanism: The Role of Character in Implementation Science
Mark Clark
7 Theorizing
Roman Kislov and Paul Wilson
8 Theories, Models, and Frameworks in Implementation Science: A Taxonomy
Per Nilsen
9 The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)
Laura Damschroder
10 The Theoretical Domains Framework
Fabiana Lorencatto
11 Organization Theory for Implementation Science
Sarah A. Birken and Emily R. Haines
12 Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) Framework
Joanna C. Moullin and Gregory A. Aarons
13 Implementation Science as Process Ecology: Normalization Process Theory
Carl May
14 Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Ping Yu
15 Health-related Quality of Life
Ben Smith and Ivana Durcinoska
16 Shared Decision-Making: Consider Context
Glyn Elwyn
17 Core Aspects of Nudge as a Behaviour Change Paradigm in Implementation Science
Klay Lamprell
18 Pipeline and Cyclical Models of Evidence Building: The Roles of Implementation Research
Carolyn J. Hill and Virginia Knox
Part II Methodology and Methods of Implementation Science
19 Application
Nick Sevdalis and Louise Hull
20 Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA)
Jeffrey Braithwaite
21 Formative Evaluation Feedback Loops
Jeffrey Braithwaite
22 Implementation or Continuous Design? The Contribution of Human Factors and Engineering to Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety
Pascale Carayon
23 Core and Variation Components
Terje Ogden
24 Sensemaking: Appreciating Patterns and Coherence in Complexity
David C. Aron and Luci K. Leykum
25 Methodological Diversity
Frances Rapport and Yvonne Zurynski
26 Applying the Theoretical Domains Framework: Its Uses and Limitations
Fabiana Lorencatto
27 Ethnography
Justin Waring and Jenelle Clarke
28 Walking Methods
Frances Rapport
29 Modelling Complex Socio-Technical Systems: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM)
Erik Hollnagel and Robyn Clay-Williams
30 Getting a handle on the social processes of implementation: Social network research
Janet C. Long
31 Sentiment Analysis for Use within Rapid Implementation Research: How Far and Fast Can We Go?
James Smith
32 Mixed Methods Design
Lawrence A. Palinkas
33 Simulation to Improve Patient Care
Mary D. Patterson and Ellen S. Deutsch
34 In Situ Simulation
Kyota Nakamura and Kazue Nakajima
35 Emergency Implementation Science
John Øvretveit
36 Planning for Implementation: Why, Who, and How
Andrea Smith and Karen Hutchinson
37 Consensus Building: A Key Concept in Implementation Science
Lawrence Susskind
38 Nudge: Finding Clues and Using Cues to Shift Clinician Behaviour
Klay Lamprell
39 Design and Implementation of Dashboards in Healthcare
Kristiana Ludlow and Johanna Westbrook
40 Sensemaking: Paying Attention to the Stories We Tell to Improve Our Ability to Act
Luci K. Leykum and David C. Aron
41 Adaptations
Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz, Henna Hasson, and Gregory A. Aarons
Part III Challenges with Evidence into Practice: Translation, Evaluation, Sustainability
42 Evidence Synthesis: Maximizing the Potential
Jo Rycroft-Malone
43 Theory-driven Evaluation
Huey T. Chen
44 Process Evaluation of Implementation Strategies
Michel Wensing
45 Dissemination
David Chambers
46 A Learning Perspective on Implementation
Per Nilsen, Margit Neher, Per-Erik Ellström, and Benjamin Gardner
47 Alignment: Impact on Implementation Processes and Outcomes
Mark G. Ehrhart and Gregory A. Aarons
48 Work-as-Imagined and Work-as-Done
Erik Hollnagel and Robyn Clay-Williams
49 Leading Implementation by Focusing on Strategic Implementation Leadership
Gregory A. Aarons and Mark G. Ehrhart
50 Agents of Change: The Example of an Allied Health Professional
Kate Laver
51 Clinical Decision Support
David W. Bates
52 Interprofessional Team Working: The Case of Care Pathways
Kris Vanhaecht and Ellen Coeckelberghs
53 Older People’s Care
Jackie Bridges
54 Implementation Interventions to Enhance Patient Self-management
Michel Wensing
55 Complex Systems and Unintended Consequences
Robyn Clay-Williams
56 The Nature and Need for Slack in Healthcare Services
Tarcisio A. Saurin
57 Diagnosis Errors
Gordon D. Schiff
58 "Scaling-Out" Evidence-based Practices
Marisa Sklar and Gregory A. Aarons
59 Implementation Sustainability
Sharon E. Straus
60 De-implementation
Iestyn Williams and Russell Mannion
Biography
Frances Rapport is Professor of Health Implementation Science at Macquarie University’s Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Sydney, Australia, is Academic Lead, MD Research, Macquarie University, and holds an Honorary Chair as Professor of Qualitative Health Research at Swansea University’s Medical School, UK. She currently leads a team of implementation scientists examining new models of implementation to support the translation of research outcomes into practical solutions for healthcare delivery and improvement. Rapport has a visiting professorship in Bournemouth University, UK, and was previously a visiting professor at Harvard University (Psychiatry), Texas University, Galveston (Medical Board), and the University of Tromsø (Medical Humanities) in Norway.
Robyn Clay-Williams is Associate Professor of Human Factors and Resilience and an internationally regarded health services researcher, who leads a research stream at the Australian Institute of Health and Innovation (AIHI), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Her expertise is in creating health systems that can function effectively in the presence of complexity and uncertainty. Dr Clay-Williams’ research bridges the gap between theory and practice by developing products and processes that are usable and ready for implementation. She has a background in aviation and, prior to her academic career, was a military test pilot with the Royal Australian Air Force.
Jeffrey Braithwaite is Founding Director of the AIHI, Director of the Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, and Professor of Health Systems Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. He has appointments at six other universities internationally, and he is a board member and President of the International Society for Quality in Health Care (ISQua) and consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO). Working with 152 countries on their reform initiatives, his research on safer, higher quality, and more resilient care examines health systems and their capacity to implement change and improvement, attracting funding of more than AUD 171 million. He is particularly interested in healthcare as a Complex Adaptive System and applying complexity science to healthcare problems.
