Volume I: Women in Industrial Handwork
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume I: Women in Industrial Handwork
Part 1. Domestic Industries
1. B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry (G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1915), 1–2, 5, 9–14, 30
2. Edith Abbott, ‘The Colonial Period’, in Women in Industry: A Study in American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1909), 16–32
3. Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce, Being a compleat prospect of the trade of this nation, as well the home trade as the foreign. ... Humbly offered to the consideration of the King and Parliament (Charles Rivington, 1728), 48, 89–91, 288–89
4. Arthur Young, A six weeks’ tour through the southern counties of England and Wales, (W. Strahan ... [and 4 others]), 1768; 70, 152.
5. Arthur Young, A six months’ tour through the north of England, containing, an account of the present state of agriculture, manufactures and population, in several counties of this kingdom (W. Strahan, 1770), Vol 1, 49–50, 124–25; Vol. 2., 6–7, 64, 168.
6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776; Methuen, 1904)
7. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, extracts
7.1. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, vol. 2 1784, 108–109.
7.2. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, v. 16, 1791, 499.
8. Frederick Morton Eden, ‘Labouring Classes’, in The state of the poor; or, an history of the labouring classes in England, from the conquests to the present period. (B. & J. White [etc.], 1797), Vol. 1, 558–59.
9. ‘Mary Harrrison’, in Settlement examinations for Culcheth parish
10. Arthur Mitchell, ‘David Loch’s Tour in Scotland in 1778’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 32 (November 1898): 19-28.
11. ‘Aberdeen, County of Aberdeen’, Sir John Sinclair, (ed.) The Statistical Account of Scotland, Vol. XIX, 1797 (William Creech, 1791–1799), 200-208.
12. Alastair J. Durie (ed.), The British Linen Company 1745-1775, (Scottish History Society and Pillans & Wilson Ltd., 1996), Scottish History Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 929–30, 34–36, 49–50, 73–74, 113–114, 121–22, 133–34, 225–26.
13. William Robert Scott, Report to the Board of agriculture for Scotland on home industries in the Highlands and Islands 1914 (H.M Stationary off., Neil & Co., 1914), 77–86, 106, 190.
14. Humble Petition of the Poor Spinners, which on a very moderate calculation consist of Eighteen Thousand, Five Hundred, employed in the Town and Country aforesaid. Leicester, 1788, British Museum Tracts, B544; reprinted in B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, (G. Bell and Sons, 1915), 270–71.
15. A.B., Observations on the detriment that it is supposed must arise to the family of every cottager throughout the kingdom from the loss of woollen spinning by the introduction of machines for that work (np., 1794), 3–8, 10–11, 13, 14.
Part 2. Industry and Workshops
16. Sarah Osbourne, apprenticeship indenture in the metal trades, Overseers of the Poor, Harborne, Warwickshire, 1781. DRO 61/7/8. Harborne Parish Apprenticeship Indentures.
17. William Hutton, ‘On Pins and Nails’, in The History of Birmingham, 1783, 6th ed. (James Gunn: 1836), 190–92.
18. Robert H. Sherard, ‘The Nailmakers of Bromsgrove’ in ‘White Slaves of England’, Pearson’s Magazine, vol. 2, (1896, July-Dec.): 167-73
19. Robert Campbell, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all Trades, Professions and Arts … calculated for the information of Parents, and Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 149–54, 170–71, 206, 211–13, 124–26, 244, 250–51, 260–61, 300.
20. Joseph Collyer, The Parents’ and Guardians’ Directory and the Youth’s Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths, 1761), 60-61, 67, 80, 84–85, 93, 113–14, 152·53, 234, 236–37, 248–49, 263, 273–74, 286–87, 292.
21. Anon., The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd ed. (Tabart and Co., 1806), Part 1: 7–13, 27–28, Part II: 46–49, 51–56.
22. Apprentices in the Eighteenth Century
22.1. Anne Jarvois puts herself apprentice, Harborne Parish, 1717.
22.2 Martha Pillah, apprentice, charged with theft, makes and mends men’s clothes 1717, Old Bailey Proceedings Online
22.3 Elizabeth Cock, basketweaver, 1756, ‘Examinations, 1750-1766: no 331’, in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, Tim Hitchcock and John Black (eds.), (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-106
22.4 Mary Shrewsbury, ‘Stocking Trimmer. Ordinary’s Account’, Newgate’s Account, 3 March 1737 (OA17370303). Old Bailey Proceedings Online
23. Hiring Agreements
23.1 Ann Keeling. Articles of Agreement. Wedgwood archives, 266316–133, 28 February 1781.
23.2 Hiring of Tireuses, Lyon 1722, Order from the Consulate of September 3, 1722, prohibiting any master from employing any girl as a daily tireuse if they are not hired out. Municipal archives of Lyon, HH 514.
24. Parish Apprentices
24.1 Parish Apprentices. Hackney Petty Sessions Book, 1734, in Justice in Eighteenth-Century Hackney: The Justicing Notebook of Henry Norris and the Hackney Petty Sessions Book, ed. Ruth Paley (London: London Record Society, 1991), 117-129. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol28/pp117-129
24.2 Mary Wilkinson, apprenticed to weaving, 1760, ‘Examinations, 1750-1766: no 395’, in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, ed. Tim Hitchcock and John Black (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-106
25. Miss Clara Collet, ‘On the Conditions of Work in Birmingham, Walsall, Dudley, and the Staffordshire Potteries’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February 1893, 49–55, 60–63.
26. Testimony of Richard Juggins on Metal Workshops, Select Committee of The House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May 1889. (Printed by Henry Hansard and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 233–310
27. Testimony of Female Nailmakers, Select Committee on The Sweating System, Select Committee of The House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May 1889. (Printed by Henry Hansard and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 211–26.
28. ‘Employment’, [On China Painters], Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, 15 April 1876, 170–72.
29. Thomas Holmes, ‘Flowermaking’, in Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Sweated Industries Being a Handbook of the “Daily News” Exhibition. Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906. (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.,) 27–29.
Part 3. A Case Study: Milliners and Seamstresses
30. Robert Campbell, ‘Of the Milliner’, ‘Of the Mantua-Maker’ and ‘the Cap-Maker’, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all Trades, Professions and Arts … calculated for the information of Parents, and Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 206–10, 227–29.
31. Joseph Collyer, Joseph, ‘Of the Cap-Makers’, ‘Of the Child’s coat-maker’, ‘Of the Milliner’, The Parents’ and Guardians’ Directory and the Youth’s Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths: 1761), 90, 100-101, 194–96.
32. Louis Sébastien Mercier, ‘Les Marchandes des Modes’, Le tableau de Paris (Virchaux & Compagnie: 1781), Part I, 290-93.
33. Anon., ‘The Milliner’, The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd ed. (Tabart and Co.: 1806), Part II: 45–50.
34. ENQUÊTE. Situation des ouvriers chapeliers [Situation of the hatmakers]. L’Atelier, n° 1, deuxième année, septembre 1841, 6-7.
35. Alice P. Barrows, ‘The Training of Millinery Workers’, in Economic Position of Women, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science in The City of New York, Henry Raymond Mussey, (ed.), (Columbia University, 1910), 41–45.
36. Helen Campbell, ‘One of the Fur-sewers’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (1886, Little, Brown, And Company, 1900), 139–49.
37. Helen Campbell, ‘The Case of Rose Haggerty’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (Little, Brown, And Company, 1900), 18–29.
38. Anon. ‘The Sewing-Machine in America’, English Woman’s Journal (October 1860): 126–28.
39. Azel Ames, ‘Sewing Machine Labor’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (James Osgood and Co, 1875), 115–24.
40. Helen Campbell, ‘Fashionable Dressmaker’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives. (Little, Brown, and Company, 1886), 55–65.
41. Eliza Orme and May Abraham, ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February 1893, 322
Part 4. Industrial Entrepreneurs
42. Ann Leslie, The case of Miss Leslie, and her three sisters. The manufacturers of thread for lace, equal to any foreign; in an address to the public, but particularly to the patriotic societies, for the encouragement of arts and manufactures, Published at the Request, and by the Desire of several Persons of Distinction, 1767.
43. ‘Miss Wilson, Thread Manufacturer at Monymusk’, Advertisement, Aberdeen Journal, 1 March 1768.
44. Articles of Co-Partnery between Margaret Cameron and John Cameron, [Cameron and Violard] 1835.
45. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House, and newspaper reviews
45.1 Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (GW Carleton & Co., Publishers,1868), 43–56, 73–85.
45.2 ‘A Sensation Book on Mrs. Lincoln’, Sun (Baltimore, Maryland), April 25, 1868: Supplement
45.3 ‘Review of New Books. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Philadelphia’, Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), April 27, 1868: 3.
45.4 ‘New Publications’ Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana), May 3, 1868: 5.
46. Eleanor Coade, 1733–1821, pioneer of Coade Stone
46.1 The Daily Advertiser (London), Thursday, 6 February 1772
46.2 The Daily Advertiser (London), and the Gazeteer and New Daily Advertiser (London), Monday, 21 Mar. 1774
46.3 Public Advertiser (London), April 19, 1776
46.4 London Chronicle, May 6–8, 1777
46.5 Morning Post (London) Sunday, May 22, 1779
46.6 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (London), Saturday, January 29, 1785.
46.7 London Gazette, February 17–19, 1788
47. Madame C. J. Walker, ‘hair culturalist’, millionaire and inventor
47.1 The Richmond Planet, December 19, 1908, 4
47.2 Oregonian, August 3, 1918, p. 7
47.3 Wyoming State Tribune - May 28, 1919 - page Five
47.4 From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, 108th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. CON. RES. 65 Expressing the sense of Congress that Madame C. J. Walker should be recognized for her achievements in business, her inventions, and her commitment to the African-American community.
Part 5. Case Study: Women in the Printing Trades
48. Susan Trail, Petition to the Aberdeen City Council, Aberdeen City Archives, Town Council Register, Vol. 63, 26 Oct.1763-21. Sept. 1773, folio 20, 5 September 1764.
49. Emily Faithfull, ‘The Victoria Press’, A paper read at the Glasgow meeting of the national association for the promotion of social science, English Woman’s Journal, October 1860, 121–25.
50. Azel Ames, ‘Typesetting’, in Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (James Osgood and Co, 1875), 84–95.
51. Margaret Irwin, ‘Women’s Labour: Printing’, in Reports, On the Conditions of Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour (HMSO, 1893), 290–91.
52. Margaret Irwin, ‘Printing––Workers’ Evidence’, in On the Conditions of Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, And Ireland Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour 1893, 291–92.
53. Edith Abbott, ‘Printing’, in Women in Industry: A Study in American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1910), 246–49; 258–61.
54. ‘Printing’, Labor Organizations Strong in Executive Departments at Washington, New York Call, August 26, 1903.
Part 6. The Sweated Trades Revealed
55. Harriet Martineau, extracts on Homework from ‘Female Industry’, Edinburgh Review, 222 (April 1859), 293, 320–329.
56. Julie-Victoire Daubié, The Poor Women of the 19th century, Commissioned by the Academie of Lyon, 1866.
57. ‘Rates of Pay’, Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, (15 November 1876): 512
58. Eliza Orme and May Abraham ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 322
59. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Preface’, in Sweated Industries, being a Handbook of The “Daily News” Exhibition, Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.), 10–17
60. Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, ‘Particulars of Worker at Stalls’, Sweated Industries Being a Handbook of The “Daily News” Exhibition. Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.), 89–117.
61. Beatrice Webb, ‘How to Do Away with the Sweating System’, A paper read at the twenty-fourth annual congress of Co-operative Societies, held at Rochdale, June 1892, in Problems in Modern Industry, Sidney and Beatrice Webb (Longmans, Green and Co., 1898), 139-48.
62. B.L. Hutchins, Homework and Sweating, the causes and the remedies, Fabian Tract No. 130, (The Fabian Society, 1907), 3–7, 9–10, 17–18.
63. Jane Addams and Alice Hamilton, MD, Hull House, ‘The “Piece-Work” System as a Factor in the Tuberculosis Of Wage-Workers’, Transactions of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, vol. 3. (William Fell, 1908), 139-40.
Part 7. The Last Word
64. Ottilie Baader, ‘The Sewing Machine and Working at Home’, Ein steiniger Weg. Lebenserinnerungen einer Sozialistin [A Rocky Path: Life Reminiscences of a Female Socialist] (JW Dietz Nache, GMBH, 1921), 17-21.
65. Thomas Hood, ‘The Song of the Shirt’, Punch, or the London Charivari, 5 (1843), 261.
66. Louise Otto-Peters, Klöpplerinnen (The Lace-Makers) Oederaner Stadtanzeiger, 1840
Bibliography
Index
Volume II: Women in Factory Industries
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume II: Women in Factory Industries
Part 1. Overview
1. Clara E. Collet, ‘The Collection and Utilisation of Official Statistics Bearing on the Extent and Effects of the Industrial Employment of Women’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 61, 2 (June 1898): 221–30.
2. Helen L. Sumner, The Historical Development of Women’s Work in the United States, The Economic position of women, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science, (Columbia University, New York, 1910), 11-26.
3. Alfred (Samuel H. G) Kydd, ‘Early Factories in Britain’, History of the Factory Movement, Vol. I (Burt Franklin, 1857), 16–24.
Part 2. Factories and Mines
4. Victor Amadeus III, Extract from the register of the Chamber of Accounts granting privileges to a factory of stockings and bonnets, in Chambéry, France, on April 12, 1785.
5. Alexander Hamilton, ‘On Manufactures’, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Subject of Manufactures, 5 December 1791. Printed by order of the House of Representatives, December 7th, 1809 (R.C Weightman, 1809), 124–28, 150–59, 177.
6. Robert Owen, ‘On Child Labour at New Lanark’, Parliamentary Papers, 1816, III, Report of the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on the State of the Children Employed in the Manufactories of the United Kingdom, 25 April-18 June 1816, Evidence of Robert Owen, 26 April 1816, 20–21.
7. Harriet H, Robinson, ‘Lowell Sixty Years Ago’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 1–18.
8. Harriet H. Robinson, ‘Characteristics of the Early Factory Girls’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 60–81.
9. John Avery, Agent, ‘Regulations to be Observed by all persons employed in the factories of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Lowell Massachusetts’, Handbook for the Visitor to Lowell (D. Bixby and Company, 1848).
10. I. M. Boynton, Agent, 75 young women from 15 to 35 years of age, wanted to work in the cotton mills! in Lowell and Chicopee, Mass. (1870).
11. John Campbell, [Jesse Campbell, pseud.], ‘Power-Loom Weaving in the West of Scotland’, History of the Rise and Progress of Power-Loom Weaving; Vindication of the Character of Female Power-Loom Workers (Rutherglen, 1878), 14–15.
12. Mrs John Van Vorst (Bessie), ‘In a Pittsburgh Factory’, in Mrs John Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co.,1903), 22–28.
13. Marie Van Vorst and Mrs John Van Vorst, ‘Cotton Mill in Columbia, South Carolina’, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co., 1903), 217–22.
14. William Rathbone Greg, ‘On the Unhealthiness of The Factory System’, Enquiry into the State of the Manufacturing Population (James Ridgeway, 1831), 12–16, in The Ten hours movement in 1831 and 1832; six pamphlets and one broadside, 1831-1832
15. Azel Ames, ‘Sex and Health in Industry’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875), 33–53, 60–64.
16. Azel Ames, ‘Health in Manufacture of Textiles’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875), 68–81.
17. Agnes Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, ‘Influence of Occupation on Health’, Women’s work (Methuen, 1894), 101–103, 119–24, 129–39.
Part 4. Hours and Wages
18. Jane Dubuisson, ‘Working-Class Women’, L'Echo de la Fabrique, Journal Industriel et Littéraire de Lyon, No 64, (23 Mars, 1834): 2–3.
19. James Leach, ‘A Manchester Operative on Wages and Hours’, Stubborn Facts from the factories by a Manchester Operative (John Ollivier, 1844) 7-8, 11–15.
20. ‘The Late Employees of Tait’s Factory, Limerick,’ Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, No. 1, 15 January 1876, 34-35.
21. Leonora M. Barry, Report of the General Investigator, Proceedings of the General assembly of the Knights of Labor of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 4 to 19, 1887, 1537, 1581-1588.
22. Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, ‘On Textile Trades’, Women’s Work (Methuen & Co., 1894), 93, 101–108, 112–18
23. Sidney Webb, ‘Women’s Wages’, in Problems of Modern Industry by Sidney & Beatrice Webb (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1898), 46-81
Part 5. Governmental Responses
24. Speech of Lord Ashley, in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, 7th May 1842: on moving for leave to bring in a bill to make regulations respecting the age and sex of children and young persons employed in the mines and collieries of the United Kingdom. (John Murray, 1842), 13–19, 28–31.
25. ‘Investigation of Labor Conditions’, Massachusetts House Document, no. 50, March, 1845, Reprinted in John Commons (ed.), A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Vol. VIII (Arthur H. Clark Company, 1910).
26. Dr Redgrave’s Report on Factory Operatives, Dundee Courier, 24 September 1875
27. Operatives in the American South, Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the relations Between Labor and Capital, and Testimony Taken by the Committee (1883). Washington, GPO, 1885. Vol. 4, 524, 530–35, 598–601, 696–701, 721–29, 741.
28. Florence Kelley, First Annual Report of the Factory Inspectors of Illinois, for the year Ending December 15, 1893, (Springfield, Ill. 1894), 17–19.
29. May Abraham ‘Conditions of Work in the White Lead Industry’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 151–53.
30. Eliza Orme and May Abraham ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 323–29.
31. Clara Collet, ‘Necrosis Among Match Workers’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 23–26
Part 6. Girls’ and Women’s Voices
32. Eliza Marshall, Elizabeth Bentley and Hannah Brown Testify to the Sadler Committee, Report from the Committee on the ‘Bill to Regulate The Labour of Children in The Mills and Factories of The United Kingdom’: With the Minutes of Evidence, appendix and index. Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed, 8 August 1832, 148–53, 195–99, 230–31.
33. Women and Girls Testify to Working in the Mines, 1842
33.1 ‘Condition and Treatment of the Children Employed in the Mines and Collieries of the United Kingdom’, Appendix to the First Report of The Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into This Subject. London: William Strange, 21, Paternoster Row, 1842.
33.2 Report by Robert Hugh Franks, Esq., On the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries and Iron Works of the East of Scotland, and the State, Condition, and Treatment of Such Children and Young Persons, Appendix to Report to the Children's Employment Commission 1842. Parliamentary Papers, 1842, vols. XV-XVII, Appendix I, pp. 108, 252, 258, 439, 461; Appendix II, pp. 107, 122, 205.
34. ‘Girls Going to the Mills, New England’, Bennett Family Letters, 1839-1846.
35. S. G. B., [Sarah G. Bagley] ‘Pleasures of Factory Life’, The Lowell offering: a repository of original articles on various subjects, written by factory operatives, Number 2, December 1840: 25–26
36. Harriet Farley, ‘Letters from Susan’, Lowell Offering, Volume IV, 1844
37. ‘Factory Life as it is,’ Factory Tracts, No. 1, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, Lowell, Mass. 1845.
38. Julianna, ‘The Evils of Factory Life’, Factory tracts, No. 1, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, Lowell, Mass. 1845.
39. Amelia, ‘Some of the Beauties of Our Factory System––Otherwise, Lowell Slavery’, Lowell Reform Association, Lowell Tracts No. 1, 1845.
40. ‘A Week in the Mill’, Lowell, Massachusetts, The Lowell offering, written, edited and published by female operatives employed in the mills, n.s: v.5 (October 1845), 217–18.
41. ‘Interview with Miss D., Clinton Ave., The Thomson-Langdon Corset Factory’, Survey, Folklore Project, Life Histories, 1936-39, U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers’ Project.
42. Ellen Johnston, The Factory Girl, Autobiography of Ellen Johnston, 1867, (Rutherglen, 1878), 7–12.
43. Jeanne Bouvier, Silk Worker at Eleven, Mes mémoires, ou, 59 années d’activité industrielle, sociale et intellectuelle d’une ouvrière: 1876-1935 (La Découverte/Maspero, 1983), 56–61.
44. ‘Women and Girls show more Courage in voicing their Needs’, in Reports of the Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, and some of her Colleagues, illustrating the Present Position of the Woman Worker, 1914, in B.L Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, 282–84.
45. Harriet H. Robinson, ‘Child-Life in the Lowell Cotton-Mills’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill girls (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 25–36, 39.
46. Anon, ‘Sketches of Life in a Jute Mill’, Aberdeen People's Journal, (28 May 1881): 3.
47. Adelheid Popp, ‘The Perpetual Search for Work’, Autobiography of a Working Woman (Fisher Unwin, 1912), 21-23, 28–29, 31– 36, 39–54, 56–61, 68–69, 71.
Part 7. Disaster
48. Anon. ‘The Pemberton Disaster, Lawrence, Massachusetts’, An Authentic History of the Lawrence Calamity [including] a chapter of Thrilling highlights (John Dyer and Co., 1860).
49. ‘Fearful Accident, Newland Mill, Bradford’, The Freeman’s Journal, Friday, December 29, 1882.
50. The New York Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911
50.1 ‘141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire; Trapped High Up in Washington Place Building; Street Strewn with Bodies; Piles of Dead Inside’, New York Times, March 26, 1911, 1.
50.2 ‘Stories of Survivors. And Witnesses and Rescuers Outside Tell What They Saw’, New York Times, March 26, 1911, p. 4.
50.3 ‘175 Workers Lose Their Lives in a Burning Shirt-Waist Factory’, The Jewish Daily Forward, 26 March 1911 (trans. into English by Tina Lunson)
50.4 ‘We have Found you Wanting, the ILGWU and the Women’s Trade Union League’, Rose Schneiderman, organizer for the ILGWU and the Women’s Trade Union League, The Survey, April 8, 1911, in Leon Stein, ed., Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy (Quadrangle/New Times Book Company, 1977), 196-97.
50.5 Samuel Gompers, ‘Hostile Employers see Yourselves as Others Know You’, American Federationist, May 1911. pp. 356-61.
50.6 ‘Agitation Among the Ladies’ Waistmakers Local 25’, General Executive Board Sanction Agitation, Ladies’ Garment Worker, October 1911, 22.
Bibliography
Index
Volume III: The Industrial Home and Education
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume III: The Industrial Home and Education
Part 1. Domestic Responsibilities
1. Priscilla Wakefield, Reflections on the present condition of the female sex; with suggestions for its improvement, 1798.
2. Robert Acklom Ingram, ‘On Industry Schools for Girls’, An Essay on the Importance of Schools of Industry (R. Exton, 1800), 3–11, 13–20, 22–28, 37.
3. Nassau William Senior and William Chadwick on the Impact of Poor Relief on Domestic Responsibilities, Poor Law Commissioners’ Report of 1834. Copy of the Report made in 1834 by the Commissioners for Inquiring into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty (B. Fellows, 1834), 50–52, 174–75.
4. Anna Jameson, ‘On Neglect of Female Education in Domestic Responsibilities’, Memoirs and Essays Illustrative of Art, Literature, and Social Morals (Richard Bentley, 1846), 220–25.
5. Madame Blanc [Thérèse Bentzon], ‘Domestic Life’, Condition of Women in the United States, trans, Abby Langdon Alger (Roberts Brothers, 1895), 259 –61.
6. John Duguid Milne, ‘Practical Considerations on Women and Industry’, The Industrial and social condition of women in the Middle and Lower Ranks (Chapman and Hall, 1857), 250–64, 324–340.
7. Harriett Martineau, ‘Making Industrial Workers and Wives from “Female Industry”’, Edinburgh Review 222 (April 1859), 324–25.
8. Friedrich Zahn, ‘Woman in Industrial Life of the Principal Civilized Nations— A Social, Demographic, Hygienic Study’, in Transactions of the fifteenth International Congress on Hygiene and Demography, Washington, September 23-28, 1912, (Washington, D.C., International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, 1913), 321–29.
Part 2. Home Life
9. Sarah Trimmer, ‘On Poor Women in Rural Industry’, The Economy of Charity (London, 1801), 111–17.
10. Peter Gaskell, ‘Temperature and Manners on Physical Development’, The Manufacturing Population of England (Baldwin and Cradock, 1833), 68–86.
11. ‘Working-Class Housewives’, Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Factories Inquiry Commission. First Report of the Central Board of His Majesty s Commissioners appointed to collect Information in the Manufacturing Districts, as to the Employment of Children in Factories, and as to the Propriety and Means of Curtailing the Hours of their Labour: with Minutes of Evidence, and Reports by the District Commissioners, 1833, XX, D1 39-41.
12. Frédéric Le Play, The Lingère of Lille Les Ouvrières Européens [The workers of Europe], 2nd edition, tome 6; Les Ouvriéries de l’Occident [The workers of the West] (Paris, 1868), 303–306
13. Dr Louis René Villermé, on Sample Cloth Workers’ Households in France, Tableau de l’état physique et moral des ouvriers employés dans les manufactures de coton, de laine et de soie [Table of the physical and moral state of workers employed in cotton, wool and silk factories] (J. Renouard (1840), 61–64, 80–86.
14. Edwin Chadwick, Report to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, from the Poor Law Commissioners, on an Inquiry Into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1842), 69–72, 137–42, 433–34
15 H.R.M., ‘Introduction’ to Economic Position of Women in the United States, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science (Columbia University, 1910), 5-10
16. Maud Pember Reeves, ‘Married Women’s Work in Lambeth’, Round about a Pound a Week (G. Bell and sons, ltd., 1913), 21–90, 151–64.
Part 3. Health and Well-Being
17. Lord Ashley, ‘On the Effect of Factory Labour on Women’, Top ,
Hours of Labour in Factories, House in Committee on the Factories Bill. HC Deb 15 March 1844 vol 73 cc1073-1101
18. John O. Green, The factory system, in its hygienic relations: an address, delivered at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, May, 27, 1846, 9–22.
19. Friedrich Engels, On the Consequences of Industrial Work on Families, 1844, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844. Translated: Florence Kelley (George Allen and Unwin, 1892), 108–109, 141–50, 199–200, 206–207.
20. Agnes Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, Infant Mortality in ‘Influence of Occupation on Health’, Women’s work (Methuen, 1894), 103-104, 140-49.
21. Clara E. Collet, On Infant Mortality and Women’s Work, ‘The Collection and Utilisation of Official Statistics Bearing on the Extent and Effects of the Industrial Employment of Women’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 61, No. 2 (June, 1898): 230-242.
22. Florence Kelley, ‘Married Women in Industry’, Economic Conditions of Women in the United States, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science. (Columbia University, 1910), 90–96.
23. Maud Pember Reeves, Maternity: Letters from Working-Women, Collected by The Women’s Co-Operative Guild (G. Bell and Sons, 1915).
24. Clementina Black, ‘Introduction’, Married Women’s Work, being the report of an enquiry undertaken by the Women’s Industrial Council, (G. Bell and Sons, 1915), 1–15.
25. S. Newcome Fox, ‘Liverpool’, in Clementina Black, Married Women's Work, being the report of an enquiry undertaken by the Women's Industrial Council (G. Bell and Sons, 1915), 178–186.
26. Isabel Basnett, ‘Glasgow’, in Clementina Black, Married Women's Work, being the report of an enquiry undertaken by the Women's Industrial Council (G. Bell and Sons, 1915), 219–21.
Part 4. Housing and Living Conditions
27. G. S. Kenrick, ‘Statistics of the Population in the Parish of Trevethin (Pontypool) and at the Neighbouring Works of Blaenavon in Monmouthshire, Chiefly Employed in the Iron Trade, and Inhabiting Part of the District Recently Distributed’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Jan. 1841): 366–69, 375.
28. A Sanitary Remonstrance, Letter to the Editor, The Times, Thursday 5 July 1849.
29. Our Sanitary Remonstrants, A Response from the Times, The Times, Monday 9 July 1849.
30. Samuel Gompers, ‘Tenement House Cigar Manufacture’, New Yorker Volkszeitung, October 31, 1881.
31. Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York with Illustrations Chiefly from Photographs Taken by the Author (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890), 25–39, 61–92.
32. Jane Addams, ‘The Housing Problem in Chicago’, American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals 20 (1902 Jul): 99-107.
33. Caroline Bartlett Crane, A Sanitary Survey of Rochester, New York (1911), 63-6, 76-87.
34. Frank Hatch Streightoff, ‘The Standard of Living Among the Industrial People of America’, Hart, Schaffner & Marx Prize Essays, VIII. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 69–85.
Part 5. Charity
35. ‘Dedication of the Five Points Mission House’, New-York Daily Times, June 18, 1853.
36. ‘Peabody Housing’, Illustrated London News, 27 March, 1869.
37. Octavia Hill, ‘Cottage Property in London’, Homes of the London Poor, No. 8. State Charities Aid Association (New York, 1875), 5-14.
38. Octavia Hill, ‘Organized Work Among the Poor, Suggestions Founded on Four Years’ Management of a London Court., July 1869’, Homes of the London Poor, No. 8. State Charities Aid Association (New York, 1875), 15–30.
39. Jane Addams, ‘The Subtle Problems of Charity’, Atlantic Monthly, 82 (Feb. 1899): 163-78.
40. Jane Addams, ‘Sees Evil in Tenements’, Chicago Daily Tribune, (May 30, 1901), 2.
Part 6. Lodging
41. Mary Merryweather, Experience of factory life, being a record of fourteen years’ work at Mr. Courtauld’s silk mill at Halstead, in Essex (E. Faithfull, 1862), 43–49.
42. John Avery, ‘Regulations for the Boarding-Houses of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company’, Handbook for the Visitor to Lowell (D. Bixby Lowell and Company 1848), 45–46.
43. Announcement of New Boarding House. Woodberry Cotton Factory, ‘Local Matters’, The Sun (Baltimore), September 18, 1873, iss. 107, vol. LXXIII, 3.
44. Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, Factory Tracts No. 2, 1845
45. Madame Blanc, ‘Homes and Clubs for Working–Women’, Condition of Women in the United States, trans, Abby Langdon Alger (Roberts Brothers, 1895), 242–54.
46. Frank Hatch Streightoff, On Lodging, in The Standard of Living Among the Industrial People of America, Hart, Schafner & Marx Prize Essays, VIII. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 78–79.
47. Mrs John Van Vorst, ‘In a Pittsburgh Factory’, in Mrs John Van Horst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls (Doubleday and Page, Co., 1903), 28–30.
48. Marie Van Horst, ‘Lodgings,’ in Marie Van Horst and Mrs John Van Horst, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls (Doubleday and Page, Co., 1903), 222–26.
Part 7. Industrial Education
49. C. L. Brace, Address on Industrial Schools to the Teachers of the Schools, November 13, 1868, (Press of Wynkoop and Hallenbreck, 1868), New York, 2–13.
50. Mary A. Livermore (Mary Ashton), What shall we do with our daughters?: superfluous women, and other lectures (Lee and Shepard, 1883), 82–85; 98–111.
51. Rev. A. D. Mayo, Industrial Education in the South, Bureau of Education, Circular of Information No. 5, 1888 (GPO, 1888), 19, 31, 38–42.
52. Alice P. Barrows, ‘The Training of Millinery Workers’, Economic Position of Women, Committee on Women’s Work, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York (Columbia University, 1910), 40–41, 46–51.
53. Florence M. Marshall, ‘Industrial Training for Women. A Preliminary Study’, Bulletin / National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, no. 4, 1909, 5-13.
54. Florence M. Marshall, ‘The Industrial Training of Women’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, Industrial Education (Jan., 1909), 119-26.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 4: Law, Resistance and Power
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume I: Law, Resistance and Power
Part 1. Regulation
1. Act of the Town-Council of Edinburgh, Defining and Restricting Women’s Rights to Trade, touching the Admission of Unfreemen, 1737.
2. Ebenezer Bain, ‘Aberdeen Tailors and the Labour of Women, 1717-1734’, Merchant and Craft Guilds, A History of The Aberdeen Incorporated Trades, Aberdeen (J. & J. P. Edmond & Spark 1887), 253, 256–59.
3. ‘The Fifty-Four Hours’ Movement in the Cotton Trade’, The Blackburn Standard, March 12, 1873.
4. ‘Shaftesbury and the Factory Operatives, a Celebration’, Bradford Observer 11 August 1859.
5. Ruth Delzell, ‘1847 – The First Ten-Hour for Women in America’, Life and Labor (Women’s Trade Union League). Vol. 2, No. 6. June 1912.
6. ‘Women’s Protective and Provident League Consider Recommendations of the Royal Commission’, Englishwoman’s Review, Vol II, December 15th, 1876, 555–57.
7. Amy Okey, [Thomas, Mrs.] Labour Laws for Women in Italy. Women's Industrial Council, 1908.
8. Amy Bulley, ‘On Unfinished Legislation and Women’s Work’, in Agnes Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, Women’s Work (Methuen & Co., 1894), 150–68.
9. Beatrice Webb, ‘Women and the Factory Acts’, Problems of Modern Industry by Sidney & Beatrice Webb (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1898), 82–101
Part 2. Campaigning
10. Report of the US Committee on Female Labour, National Laborer, Nov. 12, 1836, in A Documentary History of American Industrial Society Volume VI. Labor Movement, John R. Commons, Ulrich B. Phillips, Eugene A. Gilmore, Helen L. Sumner, and John B. Andrews (eds.), 281-91.
11. Caroline H. Dall, Women’s Right to Labor, or Low Wages and Hard Work, three lectures, Boston; November 1859, (John Wilson and Son, 1860), 3-6.
12. Louise Otto-Peters, Das Recht der Frauen auf Erwerb. Blicke auf das Frauenleben der Gegenwart [Women’s Right to Earn a Living; Views on Women’s Lives Today], 1866, 20–23
13. Josephine Butler, The Education and Employment of Women (Macmillan, 1868), 3– 5, 11–19.
14. Ida M. Van Etten, ‘Condition of Women Workers Under the Present industrial System’, An Address at The National Convention of The American Federation of Labor held at Detroit, Michigan, December 8th, 1890. Publication of The American Federation of Labor. (Globe Pr. Co.,1890).
15. Luise Kautsky and the Protection of Women Workers, Protocol of the International Socialist Workers’ Conference, Zurich, 6-12 August 1893, (Zürich, 1894), 37-40.
16. Lady Dilke, Preface to Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, Women’s Work (Methuen, 1894).
17. Minnie Bronson, ‘The Wage-Earning Women and the State’, issued by The Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women, 1912.
18. Pauline Goldmark, Josephine Goldmark, Florence Kelley, The Truth About Wage-Earning Women and The State, A Reply to Miss Minnie Bronson, 1912.
19. Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckenridge, The Wage-Earning Woman and The State, A Reply to Miss Minnie Bronson, Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government, 1912, 1-22.
Part 3. Women Striking
20. Ruth Delzell, First Women's Strike in America, 1828 ––Government Report, Life and labor, March 1912, 82-84, Chicago, National Woman's Trade Union League of America, 82.
21. Newspaper Reports: New England Mill Strikes, 1834
22. Harriett Robinson, ‘On Strike’, in Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill girls (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 83–86.
23. Aberdeen Female Operative Union, Detailed Report of the Proceedings of the Operatives since the turn-out, at the Broadford Mill, on Friday, the 7th Instant, containing the speeches delivered at the GREAT MEETING, held in Robert’s Hall, Queen Street, on Saturday evening together with the Rules and Regulations of the Union, which was then organized, &c, 1834.
24. Letter from a Mill Lassie on the Late Strike in Dundee, People’s Journal, 1874
25. Dundee Millworkers’ Strike, 1875, Newspaper Reports
26. Annie Besant, Bryant and May and the Match Girls, ‘White Slavery in London’, The Link: A Journal for the Servants of Man, Issue no. 21 (Saturday, 23 June 1888), printed and published for the Proprietor by Annie Besant.
27. Reporting the Strike of Bryant and May’s Match Girls, 1888.
28. Fulton Mills, Atlanta, White Millworkers Refuse to Work with Negroes, 1897
Part 4. Printing
29. Employment of Women in Printing, Report of the Fair wages committee, with appendices [and Minutes of evidence] (London, HMSO, 1908), 15-17.
30. ‘The Female Question’, Letter to the Editor, Scottish Typographical Circular, August 1904, 341–42.
31. ‘Strike and Women’s Union’, Scottish Typographical Circular, April 1906, 53.
32. ‘Training Girls as Compositors’, Scottish Typographical Circular, April 1909, 86.
33. ‘Statement by Edinburgh Branch on the Female Question’, Scottish Typographical Circular, September 1909, 346–47.
34. ‘We Women’ Memorial, Scottish Typographical Journal, June 1910.
35. ‘The Edinburgh Movement – Its Progress and Position’, Scottish Typographical Journal, Glasgow, September 1910, vol. XVIII, no. 590, pp. 434–37.
36. Belva Mary Herron, ‘Typographers and Lanor Organisation’, The Progress of Labor Organization Among Women, Together with Some Considerations Concerning Their Place in Industry (Illinois University Press, 1905), 15–24.
37. Edith Abbott, ‘Printing’, Women in Industry: a Study in American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1910), 249–58.
Part 5. Women Organising
38. National Union of Working Women, Englishwoman’s Review, Vol II, December 15th, 1876, 557.
39. Amy Bulley and Miss Margaret Whitley, ‘Women and Trades Union’, Women’s Work (Methuen & Co., 1894), 66–92.
40. Belva Mary Herron, The Progress of Labor Organization Among Women, Together with Some Considerations Concerning Their Place in Industry (Illinois University Press, 1905), 3–6, 7–15.
41. Ruth Delzell, ‘1869–The Daughters of St. Crispin’, Life and Labor (W.T.U.L.). Vol. 2 No. 10. October, 1912.
42. Adelheid Popp, ‘Education of a Working Woman’, in Autobiograpy of a Workingwoman (Fisher Unwin, 1912, 82-3, 85-91
43. Amalie Seidl, ‘Der erste Arbeiterinnenstreik in Wien,’ (The First Women Workers Strike in Austria), in Gedenkbuch, 20 Jahre österreichische Arbeiterinnenbewegung [Memorial Book, 20 Years of the Austrian Women’s Workers’ Movement], ed. by Adelheid Popp (Wien, 1912), 66–69.
44. Clara Zetkin, ‘Women’s Work and the Organization of Trade Unions’, Die Gleichheit, Zeitschrift für die Interessen der Arbeiterinnen, [Equality, Magazine for the interests of the working women], Stuttgart (1 November 1893): 51–59.
45. W.E.B Du Bois, ‘On Negroes and the Ladies Waist-Makers Union’, The Horizon (Washington, D.C.), 5 (March 1910): 9.
46. A Leaflet issued from a Trade Union Office, …. & District Weavers, Winders, Warpers & Reelers’ Association, (Branch of the Amalgamated Weavers’ Association), from B L Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, 1915, 294–95
Part 6. Self-Help
47. Frederick Morton Eden, ‘Friendly Societies’, The State of the Poor, 1797. Vol 1, 624–30.
48. Frederick Morton Eden, ‘Friendly Societies in Lancaster’, The State of the Poor, 1797, vol 2, 322–24
49. Catharine Cappe, ‘Papers Relating to the Friendly Society on York’, An account of two charity schools for the education of girls: and of a female friendly society in York. (J Johnson, 1800), 121–24.
50. Jessie Boucherett, Hints on Self-Help; Book for Young Women (S. W. Partridge, 1863), v–vii, 93-106.
51. Gertrude J. King, ‘Society for Promoting the Employment of Women’, Letter to the Editor, Leicester Chronicle, Saturday, April 14, 1866.
52. ‘Report of the College for Working Women’, Englishwoman’s Review, Vol. II no. 1, 15 January 1876, 20-21.
Bibliography
Index
Biography
Deborah Simonton is Associate Professor of British History, emerita, University of Southern Denmark, Visiting Professor, University of Turku, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
