Ethanol as the Leading “First-Generation” Biofuel
Introduction
Historical Development of Ethanol as a Fuel from Neolithic Times to the Twentieth Century
Oil Supply and Oil Price in the Twentieth Century: Necessity and Alternative Fuel Programs
Case Study 1: Brazil and Sugarcane Ethanol
Case Study 2: Starch-Based Ethanol in the United States
Thermodynamic and Environmental Aspects of Ethanol as a Biofuel
Summary
References
Cellulosic Ethanol as a “Second-Generation” Biofuel
Introduction
Bioethanol and Cellulosic Ethanol: The Rise of Biomass-Based Biofuels
Structural and Industrial Chemistry of Cellulosic Biomass
Cellulases: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology
Hemicellulases: New Horizons in Energy Biotechnology
Lignin-Degrading Enzymes as Aids to Saccharification
Commercial Choices of Cellulosic Feedstocks for Ethanol Production
Biotechnology and Platform Technologies for Cellulosic Ethanol
Summary
References
Microbiology of Cellulosic Ethanol Production I: Yeasts
Introduction
Traditional Ethanologenic Yeasts
Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Cellulosic Ethanol
Toward the Perfect Yeast Ethanologen?
Summary
References
Microbiology of Cellulosic Ethanol Production II: Bacteria
Introduction
Assembling Gene Arrays in Bacteria for Ethanol Production
Thermophilic Species and Cellulosome Bioproduction Technologies
“Designer” Cells and Synthetic Organisms
Summary
References
Biochemical Engineering of Cellulosic Ethanol
Introduction
Case Study: The Iogen Corporation Process with Wheat Straw
Biomass Substrate Pretreatment Strategies
Fermentation Media and the Very High Gravity Concept
Fermentor Design and Novel Fermentor Technologies
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation and Consolidated Bioprocessing
Downstream Processing and By-products
Summary
References
The Economics of Fuel Ethanol
Introduction
Market Forces and Incentives
Cost Models for Fuel Ethanol Production
Pilot Plant and Industrial Extrapolations for Cellulosic Ethanol
Governmental and Macroeconomic Factors
Summary
References
Advanced Biofuels: The Widening Portfolio of Alternatives to Ethanol
Introduction
Biobutanol and ABE
Bacterial Production of C3–C7 Alcohols and Related Compounds
Glycerol
The MixAlco Process
Biohydrogen
Microbial Fuel Cells: Eliminating the Middlemen of Energy Carriers
Summary
References
Chemically Produced Biofuels
Introduction
Biodiesel: Chemistry and Production Processes
Fischer–ropsch Diesel: Chemical Biomass–iquid Fuel Transformations
Biodiesel from Microalgae and Microbes
Chemical Conversions of Glycerol Produced by Fermentation
Chemical Routes for the Production of Monooxygenated C6 Liquid Fuels from Biomass Carbohydrates
Biomethanol and Biodimethylether
Chemistry and the Emergence of the Hydrogen Economy
Summary
References
Sustainability of Biofuels Production
Introduction
Delivering Biomass Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production: The Logistics of a New Industry
Sustainable Development and Biomass Production
Bioenergy Crops and Genetically Manipulated Plants
Summary
References
Biofuels as Products of Integrated Bioprocesses (Biorefineries)
Introduction
The Biorefinery Concept
Biorefinery Entry Routes
Biorefinery Pivotal Products
Central Substrates and Biorefinery Flexibility
When Will the Biobased Economy Be Possible and When Will It Be Unavoidable?
Summary
References
Biography
David M. Mousdale
