10th Edition
Introduction to Criminal Justice
Introduction to Criminal Justice, Tenth Edition, offers a student-friendly description of the criminal justice process—outlining the decisions, practices, people, and issues involved. It provides a solid introduction to the mechanisms of the criminal justice system, with balanced coverage of the issues presented by each facet of the process, including a thorough review of practices and controversies in law enforcement, the criminal courts, and corrections.
In this revision, Edwards updates the statistics and research findings throughout. New sections include the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the recent shift to NIBRS crime reporting, and the increasing attacks on the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. This edition has also expanded coverage of police use of force and technological improvements. Selected chapters now include a case study box to demonstrate how certain laws, programs, and technologies have been used in particular situations.
Appropriate for all U.S. criminal justice programs, this text offers great value for students and instructors.
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Criminal Justice Perspectives
Social Control
Types of Social Control
Criminal Justice as Social Control
Perspecitves on Criminal Justice
Multidisciplinary Nature of Criminal Justice
Systems Theory and the Systems Approach
Types of Systems
The Environment of Criminal Justice
The Material Environment of Criminal Justice
The Ideological Environment of Criminal Justice
Careers
Policing
Courts
Corrections
Academic Criminal Justice
Examining Criminal Justice
Preview of Forthcoming Chapters
Review Questions
References
Chapter 2. The Justice Process
The Decision Points of the Criminal Justice System
Detection
Investigation
Arrest
Initial Appearance
Charging
Arraignment
Trial
Sentencing
Revocation
The Total Criminal Justice System
Immigration Policy
Homeland Security
The War on Drugs
Domestic Violence Arrest Policies
The Components of Criminal Justice
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Review Questions
References
Chapter 3. Crime and Crime Control
Defining Crime
Classification of Crimes and Criminals
Defining Criminals
Criminal Careers versus Career Criminals
Controlling Crime and Criminals
Law Enforcement Programs
Court Programs
Corrections Programs
A New Direction for Crime Control
Crime Control in General
Review Questions
References
Chapter 4. Counting Crimes and Criminals
The Need for Numbers
The Impact of Ignorance
Official Statistics
The Uniform Crime Reports
Other Official Statistics
Unofficial Statistics
Victim Surveys
Self-Reports
Other Measures of Crime and Criminal Justice
Summary of Crime Statistics
Disparities in the Justice System
Age
Race
Gender
Understanding the Justice System
Criminal Justice in a Democracy
Review Questions
References
Chapter 5. Police and Policing
The Development of American Policing
Law Enforcement in England
The Colonial and Early American Experience
The American Police
The Functions of Police
The Police as a Human Services Agency
The Police as a Crime Control Agency
The Police as a Peacekeeping Agency
Police Management
Community Policing
CompStat
Counterterrorism and Homeland Security
The Structure of American Policing
Understanding Police
Police and Communities
Police Organizations
Selection of Police Officers
Police Culture
Police Officer Stress
Policing in the Whole System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 6. Law Enforcement in the Criminal Justice System
Detection
Investigation
Search
Interrogation
Other Investigatory Practices
Arrest
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Police
Issues in Law Enforcement
Police Misconduct
Use of Force
Community Relations
Police Crime Control
Review Questions
References
Chapter 7. The Criminal Courts
The Organization of American Courts
Federal Courts
State Courts
Problem-Solving Courts
The Development of American Courts
The Functions of Courts
The Criminal Court Process
Initial Appearance
Preliminary Hearing
Formal Charging
Arraignment
Trial
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Courts
Review Questions
References
Chapter 8. People and Problems in the Courts
Defense Attorneys
Prosecutors
Judges
Jurors
Issues in the Criminal Courts
Speedy Trial
The Courtroom Work Group
Free Press and Fair Trial
Victim Services
Plea Bargaining
Additional Issues in the Courts
The Criminal Courts in the Whole System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 9. Sentencing: The Goals and Process of Punishment
The Purposes of Punishment
Sentencing Structures in the United States
Sentencing in the Justice System
Presentence Investigation
The Sentencing Hearing
The Parole Hearing
Conditions of Sentence
Probation
Incarceration
Issues in Sentencing
Disparity
Capital Punishment
Using Time as a Penalty: Truth in Sentencing
Intermediate Sanctions
Due Process, Crime Control, and Sentencing in the Whole System
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Incarceration
The Origins of American Incarceration
The Congregate/Segregate System Debate
The Changing Purposes of Prisons
The Organization of American Incarceration
Jail Organization
Prison Organization
Doing Time
Deprivation of Liberty
Deprivation of Goods and Services
Deprivation of Heterosexual Relations
Deprivation of Autonomy
Deprivation of Security
Correctional Officers: The Other Inmates
Incarceration in the Criminal Justice System
Prisoners’ Rights
First Amendment Protections
Eighth Amendment Protections
Fourteenth Amendment Protections
Due Process, Crime Control, and Incarceration
Review Questions
Chapter 11. Problems and Issues in Incarceration
Privatization
Ethical Issues of Privatization
Effectiveness of Private Prisons
Crowding
Prison Industries
Prison Violence
Interpersonal Assaults and Homicide
Sexual Assaults and Violence
Special Population Treatment
Medical Treatment
Mental Health Treatment
Substance Abuse Treatment
Continuing Pressures on Incarceration
Incarceration in the Total System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 12. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections
The Origins of Community Supervision
The Organization of Community Supervision: Probation and Parole
Other Forms of Community Supervision
Halfway Houses
Community Service Programs
Furlough Programs
Work and Educational Release Programs
Home Incarceration
Diversion
Being on Paper
Supervision Conditions
Client Perspectives
Officer Perspectives
Offender Rights in Community Supervision
Community Supervision in the Whole System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 13. Issues in Community Supervision
Does Community Supervision Work?
Controlling Risk
Reducing Incarceration and Costs
Matching Punishments with Offenders
Shock Incarceration
Intensive Supervision
Electronic Monitoring
Day Reporting and Other Sanctions
Issues in Community Supervision
Financing
Management
Technology
Due Process, Crime Control, and Community Supervision
Review Questions
References
Chapter 14. The Juvenile Justice System
Defining Delinquency
Measuring the Scope of the Problem
Official Records
Self-Reports of Delinquency
Comparing the Delinquency Measures
Gang Delinquency
Defining Gangs
The Extent of Gang Deviance
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?
Gang Activity
Responding to Gangs
The History of Juvenile Justice
The Philosophy of the Juvenile Justice System
The Juvenile Court Process
The Detention Decision
The Intake Decision
The Waiver Decision
Adjudication and Disposition
Attorneys in the Juvenile Courtroom
Jury Trials for Juveniles
Issues in Juvenile Justice
The Emphasis on Punitiveness
Constitutional Limitations of Punishment
The Future of Juvenile Justice
Developmental Approach
Evidence-Based Practices
Reemphasizing Juvenile Court
Restorative Justice
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Juvenile Justice System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 15. Discharge and Developments
Discharge
Collateral Consequences of Conviction
Felon Disenfranchisement
Recidivism
Defining Recidivism
Recidivism and Criminal Justice Policy
Developments in Criminal Justice
Increased Federalism
Drug Policy
Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System
Technological Justice
Technology and Criminal Justice in the Total System
Criminal Justice: Moving Forward
Criminal Justice: A Final Thought
Review Questions
References
Index
Biography
Bradley D. Edwards is Associate Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology at East Tennessee State University. He has previously authored or co-authored articles, books, and book chapters in the areas of policing, corrections, corporate misconduct, and rural crime. He is also a co-author of Justice, Crime, and Ethics by Routledge, which is now in its eleventh edition.
Lawrence F. Travis III is Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. His primary research interests lie in policing, criminal justice policy reform, sentencing, and corrections.
