1st Edition

José Rizal, the Philippines, and Greco-Roman Antiquity

By Andreas T. Zanker Copyright 2026
276 Pages 15 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

276 Pages 15 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

This volume is the first extended investigation of the classicism of José Rizal (1861–1896), the de facto national hero of the Philippines, and explores how Greco-Roman antiquity was harnessed by Rizal and other Philippine artists and thinkers at the end of the Spanish colonial period. Rizal lived at a crucial juncture in his nation’s history, and Zanker argues that Rizal’s writing and... Read more

Introduction                                                                                                                            

Chapter 1. Biography                                                                                                             

Chapter 2. Education                                                                                                             

Chapter 3. Early Writing                                                                                                        

Chapter 4. Rizal in Europe                                                                                                    

Chapter 5. Rizal’s Novels                                                                                                      

Chapter 6. Journalism and Historical Writing                                                                                    

Chapter 7. Rizal’s Final Period                                                                                                          

Epilogue                                                                                                                                

Biography

Andreas T. Zanker is a lecturer in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Western Australia. He is the author of Horace (Brill Research Perspectives in Classical Poetry) (2024), Metaphor in Homer: Time, Speech, and Thought (2019), and Greek and Latin Expressions of Meaning (2016).

"The author makes a compelling argument about the complex ways by which Greco-Roman culture, especially Latin, was a double edged sword: used by educated, upper class colonial subjects--both native and mestizo--to signal their deference to colonialism but also to carve out spaces of critique and resistance... In his careful excavation of Greco-Roman (and Egyptian) references in Rizal's work, he demonstrates the extent of nationalism's hybrid origins and its originary cosmopolitanism that gave it a powerful appeal. I know of no one with Zanker's erudition and command of multiple languages as well as a thorough grounding in both the classics and postcolonial theory who could've possibly undertaken this work. It is truly impressive." - Vicente L. Rafael, Professor of History, University of Washington