Laser Cooling
Fundamental Properties and Applications
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Book Description
In the recent decades, laser cooling or optical refrigeration—a physical process by which a system loses its thermal energy as a result of interaction with laser light—has garnered a great deal of scientific interest due to the importance of its applications. Optical solid-state coolers are one such application. They are free from liquids as well as moving parts that generate vibrations and introduce noise to sensors and other devices. They are based on reliable laser diode pump systems. Laser cooling can also be used to mitigate heat generation in high-power lasers.
This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in laser cooling done by various scientific teams all over the world that are currently revolutionizing optical refrigerating technology. It includes recent results on laser cooling by redistribution of radiation in dense gas mixtures, three conceptually different approaches to laser cooling of solids such as cooling with anti-Stokes fluorescence, Brillouin cooling, and Raman cooling. It also discusses crystal growth and glass production for laser cooling applications. This book will appeal to anyone involved in laser physics, solid-state physics, low-temperature physics or cryogenics, materials research, development of temperature sensors, or infrared detectors.
Table of Contents
Laser Cooling of Dense Gases by Collisional Redistribution of Radiation
Anne Saβ, Stavros Christopoulos, and Martin Weitz
Introduction
Redistribution of Radiation
Experimental Setup and Methods
Laser Cooling Experiments on Dense Mixtures
Kennard–Stepanov Experiments
Conclusions
Laser Cooling in Rare Earth–Doped Glasses and Crystals
Galina Nemova
Introduction
Thermodynamics of Laser Cooling of Solids
Fundamentals of Laser Cooling in Rare Earth–Doped Solids
Optical Cavities
Laser Cooling in Rare Earth–Doped Glasses and Crystals
Temperature Measurements
Conclusions
Progress toward Laser Cooling of Thulium-Doped Fibers
Nai-Hang Kwong, Rolf Binder, Dan Nguyen,
and Arturo Chavez-Pirson
Introduction
Theoretical Developments
Experimental Developments
Laser Cooling of Solids around 2.07 Microns: A Theoretical Investigation
Guang-Zong Dong and Xin-Lu Zhang
Introduction
Conventional Laser Cooling of Holmium-Doped Fluoride Crystals
Efficient and Enhanced Holmium Optical Refrigeration via Co-Pumping
Energy Transfer–Enhanced Laser Cooling in Rare Earth–Co-Doped Solids
Conclusions
Optically Cooled Lasers
Steven R. Bowman
Introduction
Laser Thermal Management
Theory of Low–Quantum Defect Laser Materials
Low–Quantum Defect Laser Experiments
Summary
Appendix
Methods for Laser Cooling of Solids
Stephen C. Rand
Introduction
Cooling with Anti-Stokes Fluorescence
Brillouin Cooling
Raman Cooling
Deep Laser Cooling of Rare Earth–Doped Crystals by Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage
Andrei Ivanov, Yuriy Rozhdestvensky,and Evgeniy Perlin
Introduction
Vibronic Model of Laser Cooling of Rare Earth Ions
Laser Cooling of the Yb3+:CaF2 System
Conclusions
Bulk Cooling Efficiency Measurements of Yb-Doped Fluoride Single Crystals and Energy Transfer–Assisted Anti-Stokes Cooling in Co-Doped Fluorides
Azzurra Volpi, Alberto Di Lieto, and Mauro Tonelli
Introduction
Optical Cooling Model for Rare Earth–Doped Materials
Experimental Setup
Experimental Results
Concluding Remarks
Interferometric Measurement of Laser-Induced Temperature Changes
B. Rami Reddy
Historical Development of Temperature Sensors
Rare Earth Luminescence Spectroscopy and Temperature Sensors
Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
Optical Heterodyne Technique
Michelson Interferometer
Fluoride Glasses and Fibers
Mohammed Saad
Introduction
Bulk Glass
Glass Characterization
Optical Fiber
Crystal Growth of Fluoride Single Crystals for Optical Refrigeration
Azzurra Volpi, Alberto Di Lieto, and Mauro Tonelli
Introduction
The Czochralski Growth Method
Crystal Growth of Fluorides
The Growth Facility at the NMLA Laboratory of Pisa University
Crystal Growth of Cooling Materials at the NMLA Laboratory: Recent Results
Concluding Remarks
Microscopic Theory of Optical Refrigeration of Semiconductors
Rolf Binder and Nai-Hang Kwong
Introduction
Theoretical Foundation and the Importance of Excitonic Effects
Effect of Luminescence Propagation and Re-Absorption
Finite Spatial Beam Profiles
Theory of Passivation Layers
Coulomb-Assisted Laser Cooling of Piezoelectric Semiconductors
Iman Hassani Nia and Hooman Mohseni
Introduction
Piezoelectricity in Semiconductors
Basics of Optomechanical Cooling and Amplification
Coulomb Interaction in Semiconductors and Its Application for Laser Cooling
Effect of the Separated Electron and Hole Wave Functions on the Recombination Rates
Formalism of Coulomb-Assisted Laser Cooling of Semiconductors
Comparison of Coulomb-Assisted Cooling in Piezoelectric Materials with Collisionally Aided Laser Cooling
Concluding Remarks
Author(s)
Biography
Galina Nemova is a research fellow at École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada, since 2004. She received her M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia, in 1987 and 1990, respectively. She served as a staff scientific researcher at the Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (1990–2000). She was engaged as a research fellow at Laval University, Quebec, Canada (2000–2002) and was an optical engineer/researcher at Bragg Photonics Inc., Montreal, Canada (2002–2004). Dr. Nemova is a senior member of the Optical Society of America. She has edited one book and authored more than 100 papers. Her research interests cover a broad range of topics such as laser cooling of solids, fiber lasers and amplifiers, Raman lasers, nonlinear optics, fiber sensors, planar optical waveguides, fiber Bragg gratings, long period gratings, and surface polaritons.
Reviews
"This book provides a timely and useful collection of articles on optical refrigeration science that complements the earlier books on this subject. It covers a wide range of topics, including laser cooling in dense gases, radiation-balanced lasers, novel cooling methods, and laser cooling in semiconductors. It should serve as a valuable reference for the scientists and graduate students studying this emerging interdisciplinary field."
—Prof. Mansoor Sheik-Bahae, The University of New Mexico, USA
"This book presents a significant overview of the entire field of laser cooling of bulk matter, with many new results and recent novel directions of investigation. It is written by a large number of well-qualified experts, covering a broad range of ideas, particularly with clear figures and well-organized tables. It would make an excellent reference for spectroscopists, condensed matter physicists, crystallographers, and laser scientists."
—Prof. Carl E. Mungan, United States Naval Academy, USA