1st Edition
Legal Data and Information in Practice How Data and the Law Interact
List of figures
List of tables
Acknowledgements
Introduction
How to Use this Book
Book Overview
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgements
1 Legal Data Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Look at Data?
1.3 Applications
Business Improvement
Legal Research
Academic Research
Court Processes
Customer Focused Applications
1.4 Sources
Courts and Tribunals
Dockets
Court Business Data
Legislative Bodies
Government Departments
Law Firms and Lawyers
Academic Research
Legal Technology Companies
1.5 Global Context
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
European Union
Africa
India
Singapore
Australia
1.6 Conclusion
1.7 Works cited
2 Sources of Data
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources
Governments
Open Datasets
Parliamentary Bodies
Courts
Case Law
Court Pleadings
Business processes
Billing
Web Logs
Legal Publishers and Data Providers
2.3 Developing Data
Experimental Methodology
Proxy Data
2.4 Strategy
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Works Cited
3 Data Formats
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Categories
3.3 Issues Particular to Law
Case Citations
Depth of Data
Machine Readable Law
3.4 Types
Numerical
Categorical
Free Text
3.5 Delivery Formats
Spreadsheets
Tagged Formats
Databases
APIs
3.6 Considerations
Data Standards
Passively and Actively Collected Data
Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning
Law as Code and Law as Data
3.7 Planning
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 Works cited
4 Data Analysis Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Close Reading
4.3 Statistical Analysis
Normal Distribution
Random Distribution
Linear Distribution
Multiple Points of Comparison
Techniques
T-Tests
Regression
Compared to Machine Learning
4.4 Machine Learning
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
4.5 Natural Language Processing
Bag-of-Words
Vector Analysis
4.6 Other Tools
Knowledge Bases
Decision Trees
Network analysis
4.7 Conclusion
4.8 Works Cited
5 Interpreting Legal Data
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Approaching Data Analysis
5.3 Methodology
Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
Regression
Machine Learning
Natural Language
5.4 Considerations
Correlation and Causation
Proxy Data
Sensitivity
Suitability
Complexity
Extrapolation
5.5 Concerns
Overfitting
Bias
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 Works Cited
6 Issues with Using Legal Data
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Availability
6.3 What Is Missing
6.4 Ambiguity
6.5 Limitations on Language Processing
6.6 Sampling
Analytics and Sample Size
6.7 Cost
6.8 Jurisdiction
6.9 Structure
Case Law
Legislation
Law Firms’ Data
6.10 Risks
6.11 Conclusion
6.12 Works cited
7 Artificial Intelligence
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definition
7.3 Promise and Limits
7.4 Types of Artificial Intelligence
Statistical Analysis
Machine Learning
Vapor Ware
7.5 Process
7.6 Likely Impacts
7.7 Limitations
7.8 Concerns
Fairness
Error and Bias
Ethics
7.9 Thinking Critically
7.10 Conclusion
7.11 Works cited
8 The Law and Politics of Legal Data
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Nature of Data Based Applications
8.3 Access to Data
8.4 Privacy
8.5 Jurisdiction
Infrastructure
Legacy Systems
Government Controls
8.6 Primary Law
8.7 Practice Data
8.8 The Research Landscape
8.9 Working Toward Change
8.10 Conclusion
8.11 Works cited
9 Vision for the Future
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thinking About the Future
9.3 Forecasting
9.4 Technology Adoption Dynamics
9.5 Issues
Data Availability
Privacy laws
Available investment
Cultural acceptance
Competing priorities
Regulation of Technology
Social Concerns
9.6 Divergence
Jurisdiction
Population Segments
Legal System
Culture
9.7 Predictions
Near term
Changing Productivity Paired with Changing Market Size
Medium Term
Born Digital Legal Data
Long Term
The Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence
9.8 Conclusion
9.9 Works Cited
Bibliography
Index
Biography
Sarah A. Sutherland is President and CEO at the Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII) where she works on advancing CanLII’s strategic priorities of providing access to law. She writes and presents regularly on legal data internationally and has a bi-monthly column on Slaw.ca.
