0 The Value of an Ethical Life
0.1 Introduction
0.2 Why Study Ethics?
0.3 Skepticism
0.4 Ethics and Values as Guidance
0.5 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biography
Further Readings
Part I
Foundations
1 Markets
1.0 Introduction
1.1 What Are Market Exchanges?
1.2 Why Begin With Market Exchanges?
1.3 Debates About Defining Markets
1.4 Blocked Exchanges
1.5 Background Conditions for Markets to Operate
1.6 Summary
1.7 Looking Ahead
Discussion Questions
Further Readings
Appendix: Dialogues That Shape This Book
1.A1 Descriptive and Normative Analysis
1.A2 Personal and Institutional Points of View
1.A3 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
2 Property Rights
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Property as Relations Among People
2.2 Hohfeld’s Conception of Property Rights
2.3 Tips for Learning and Applying Property Relations
2.4 Ownership and a Bundle of Sticks
2.5 Further Distinctions
2.6 Patents and Intellectual Property
2.7 Personal Rights and the Limits of Property Rights
2.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
3 Property Rights, Markets, and Law
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Property Rights and Markets
3.2 Two Normative Theories About Property Rights
3.3 Property Rights and Law
3.4 Property Rights and Culture
3.5 Economic Systems Today
3.6 Why Study Property Rights?
3.7 Conventionalism in Property Rights
3.8 Summary
3.9 Looking Ahead
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
Part II
The Purpose and Responsibilities of Corporations
4 Shareholder Primacy Theory of Corporations
4.0 Introduction
4.1 A Debate
4.2 Corporate Purpose: Advance Shareholder Interests by Maximizing Profits Within the Law
4.3 Shareholder Rights and Managerial Duties
4.4 Ethical Justifications
4.5 Interpreting the CSR Movement From the Shareholder Perspective
4.6 Separating the Roles of Business and Government
4.7 Self-Interest and Markets
4.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biography
Further Readings
5 Stakeholder Theory of Corporations
5.0 Introduction
5.1 A Global Perspective: “All Is Not Well”
5.2 Corporate Purpose, Stakeholder Rights, and Managerial Duties
5.3 Ethical Justifications
5.4 Interpreting the CSR Movement From a Stakeholder Perspective
5.5 Corporations and Government
5.6 Ethics, Self-Interest, and Markets
5.7 Personal and Institutional Points of View Revisited
5.8 Other Theories of Corporate Purpose
5.9 Corporate Personhood
5.10 Summary
Discussion Questions
Further Readings
Part III
Efficiency and Welfare: Common Ethical Guides in Business and Economics
6 Efficiency and Welfare
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Pareto Efficiency as an Ethical Ideal
6.2 How Idealized Markets Create Efficiency Gains
6.3 Background Conditions
6.4 How Actual Markets Approximate Ideal Markets
6.5 How Efficiency Is a Basis for Criticizing Markets
6.6 Ethical and Practical Appeal of the Efficiency Standard
6.7 Complications About the Meaning of Efficiency
6.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
7 Public Goods, Responsibility, and Utilitarianism
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Public Goods
7.2 Two Neighborhoods and a Park: A Public Goods Problem
7.3 Tragedy of the Commons
7.4 Efficiency Analysis
7.5 Responsibility for Collective Action Problems
7.6 Limitations to Pareto Efficiency as a Normative Standard
7.7 Utilitarianism
7.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biography
Further Readings
8 The Invisible Hand: Ethics, Incentives, and Institutions
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Invisible Hand Model
8.2 Government Regulation Model
8.3 Ethics in Professional Life Model
8.4 Conflicts of Interest
8.5 Dance Between Ethics, Incentives, and Institutions
8.6 Beyond Welfare
8.7 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
Part IV
Ethics Beyond Efficiency
9 Liberty
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Two Concepts of Liberty
9.2 Freedom and Ethics as a Personal Value
9.3 Kantian Ethics
9.4 Institutional Implications of Negative Freedom
9.5 Institutional Implications of Positive Freedom
9.6 Two Visions of a Free Society: Positive and Negative Freedom, Freedom as Nondomination
9.7 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
10 Rights
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Preliminaries
10.2 Rights as Side-Constraints
10.3 Rights and Markets: Nozick’s Entitlement Theory of Justice
10.4 Applying the Entitlement Theory to Global Capitalism
10.5 Criticisms of Nozick’s Entitlement Theory of Justice
10.6 Justifying Rights
10.7 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
11 Equality
11.0 Introduction
11.1 Fundamental Equality
11.2 Egalitarian Implications for Institutions
11.3 Egalitarian Implications for Personal Conduct
11.4 Social Contract Theory: Equality, Liberty, and Rights Joined
11.5 Rawls’s Theory of Justice
11.6 Beyond Rawls: Businesses and the Social Contract
11.7 Integrative Social Contracts Theory
11.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
12 What People Deserve
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Concept of Desert
12.2 Deserved Wages
12.3 Desert and Professional Ethics
12.4 Desert and the Significance of Persons
12.5 Debates About the Relevance of Desert in Capitalism
12.6 Deserving Anything at All
12.7 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biography
Further Readings
13 Personal Relationships and Character
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Personal Relationships
13.2 Criticisms of Markets and Capitalism Based on Relationships and Character
13.3 Virtue Ethics
13.4 Ayn Rand and Virtuous Rational Egoism
13.5 Ethics of Care
13.6 Religious and Non-Western Ethical Approaches: Less of the Self
13.7 Integrating Earlier Debates on Relationships and Character
13.8 Advocating Markets and Capitalism Based on Relationships and Character
13.9 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
14 Community and the Common Good
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Creative Destruction and Community: Institutional Perspective
14.2 Change and Tradition From the Personal Point of View
14.3 Markets That Undermine Communities
14.4 Markets That Build Communities
14.5 Meaning of the Common Good
14.6 Communitarianism
14.7 Justice and the Common Good: Complementary or Conflicting Values?
14.8 Summary
Discussion Questions
Biographies
Further Readings
Supplemental Materials
I. Primer on Ethics
II. Overall Approach of the Book
III. Syllabi Suggestions
IV. Summary
Biography
Steven Scalet is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Hoffberger Center for Ethical Engagement at the University of Baltimore, USA. Prior to working at the University of Baltimore, Scalet was Director of the Program in Philosophy, Politics, and Law at Binghamton University (SUNY), USA, where he received the Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching. Scalet received his PhD in philosophy and MA in economics from the University of Arizona, USA. Scalet is the author of many articles and the editor of Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy, 10th Edition (Routledge, 2019).
"The third edition of Markets, Ethics, and Business Ethics offers a comprehensive introduction to the ethical, economic, and political study of markets, and of the people who affect and are affected by them. It speaks directly to students and readers, taking them on an intellectual journey through the diversity and complexity of ethical thought, without dumbing ideas down, or offering facile solutions. This latest edition extends itself to include current research discussions, such as the growth and implications of Artificial Intelligence in business. As such, it is an ideal text for students interested in philosophy, politics, and economics at both the undergraduate and graduate levels."
-Prof. David Silver, Chair of Business and Professional Ethics in the W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, co-appointed to the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia, author of Corporations and Persons: A Theory of the Firm in Democratic Society (forthcoming)
"Markets, Ethics, and Business Ethics, Third Edition, is still the go-to introductory text for classes in business ethics and philosophy, politics, economics, and law programs. Professor Scalet raises all the right issues and ethical questions, and he’s always clear about why we’re asking these questions in the first place. The book’s integrative nature allows students to make connections between theory and practice in ways that will improve their own thinking and behavior in social and economic life."
-Terry L. Price, Coston Family Chair in Leadership and Ethics, Professor of Leadership Studies and PPEL, University of Richmond, USA
"Steve Scalet's Markets, Ethics, and Business Ethics is the first business ethics textbook to take seriously the relationship between business, economics, and political theory. By setting the questions of business ethics in a broader context this book has improved student understanding and deliberation of the important issues it addresses.This is by far the best and most practically valuable business ethics text I have encountered."
-Prof. Clark Wolf, Professor of Philosophy and Political Science, Director of Bioethics, and Chair of Graduate Program in Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, USA
