1st Edition
Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices Advanced Concepts, Fabrication, and Applications
Evidently, electrochemical sensing has revolutionized the electroanalytical detections in the world. Since the 19th century, a huge amount of growth has been visible on various fronts, such as biosensors, energy devices, semiconductor devices, communication, embedded systems, sensors etc. However, the major research gap lies in the fact that most of the reported literatures are bulk systems; hence there are limitations for practical applications.
Research in these domains has been carried out by both academia and industry, whereby academics is the backbone whose intellectual outputs have been widely adopted by the industry and implemented for consumers at large. In order to impart portability to the electrochemical sensors for point-of-care application, the collaboration of electrochemistry, microfluidics, electronics and communication as an interdisciplinary forum is crucial. The miniaturization, automation, IoT enabling and integration are the requirements for building the mentioned research gap. The conversion of electrochemical sensing theoretical concepts to practical applications in real time via miniaturization and integration of microfluidics will enhance this domain. In this context, of lately, several research groups have developed miniaturized microdevices as electrochemical-sensing platforms. This has led to a demand of offering a reference book as a guideline for the PhD programs in electrochemistry, MEMS, electronics and communication. Undoubtedly, this will have a huge impact for R&D in industries, public-funded research institutes and academic institutions.
The book will provide a single forum to understand the current research trends and future perspectives of various electrochemical sensors and their integration in microfluidic devices, automation and point-of-care testing. For students, the book will become a motivation for them to explore these areas for their career standpoints. For the professionals, the book will become a thought-provoking stage to manoeuvre the next-generation devices/processes for commercialization.
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
1.2. Process parameters in ECMM
1.3.Power supply in ECMM
1.4 Electrolytes in ECMM
1.5.Tool design in ECMM
1.6.Recent advancements in ECMM
Figure Legend
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Constants
References
Index
Chapter 2
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fabrication of ECD
2.3 Functional Principle behind Electrochromism
2.4 EC Parameters
2.5 Types of EC Materials
2.6 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mathematical Formulation
3.3 Solution Methodology
3.4 Results and Discussions
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction
4.2 (p)ppGpp and stress response
4.3 Biofilm
4.4 Biofilm and human pathogens
4.5 Second messenger and formation of biofilm
4.6 Biofilm quantification and imagining
4.7 Biofilm Chip
4.8 Other chip-based methods
4.9 Discussion
References
Chapter 5
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Working Principles
5.3. Design And Fabrication Considerations
5.4. Devices For Detection, Monitoring And Remediation Of Environmental Pollutants.
5.5. Future Perspectives
5.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 DEVICE MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE
6.3 TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS
6.4 FLEXIBLE SENSORS
6.5 CONCLUSION
References
Chapter 7
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chronic Wounds and Biomarkers
7.3 Wound infections
7.4 Electrochemical sensors for monitoring biomarkers
7.5 Electrochemical sensors for pathogen detection
7.6 Materials for biosensors used for monitoring wounds
7.7 Development of modern-day biosensors for wound management
7.8 Role of machine learning in wound management
7.9 Challenges and the way forward
References
Chapter 8
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of phosphorene from black phosphorous
8.3 Applications
8.4 Conclusions and Future scope
References
Chapter 9
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrochemical Analytical Methods
9.3 Detection of Pathogens Using Various Techniques
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Paper and cloth based ECL systems
10.3 Existing research gaps and potential solutions
10.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 11
11.1 Introduction
11.2 MXene-based miniaturized energy storage devices
11.3 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 12
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Fundamentals
12.3. Topologies and performance metrics
12.4. Electrode materials for microsupercapacitors
12.5. Fabrication methods
12.6. Various ways to improve the performance of microsupercapacitors
12.7. Applications of microsupercapacitrors
12.8. Conclusions
12.9. Challenges and future outlook
12.10. Acknowledgements
12.11. References
Chapter 13
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Photophysical, electrochemical property besides non-volatile RS memory device execution of BHEPDQ
13.3 Photophysical property, electrochemical study besides solar cell investigation of BCCPDQ
13.4 Overview
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mathematical Formulation
14.3Solution Methodology
14.4 Results and Discussions
14.5Conclusions
References
Chapter 15
15.1 Introduction: Background
15.2 General Overview of Biosensors
15.3 Biological Field Effect Transistor (BioFET)
15.4 Dielectrically Modulated Biological Field Effect Transistor (DM-BioFET)
15.5 Summary
References
Chapter 16
16.1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.2 Advancement in Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.3 Electrochemical SPR and applications
16.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
17.1. Introduction
17.2. History of EESDs and materials
17.3. Fundamentals and types of EESDs
17.4. CBMs for supercapacitors and batteries
17.5. Prospects and conclusion
References
Chapter 18
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Biosensors
18.3. Rare Cell Types & their Isolation
18.4. Electrochemical Biosensor
18.5. Future of Electrochemical Biosensors
18.6. Conclusion
References
Biography
Dr. Sanket Goel is a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Dean, sponsored research and consultancy division at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus. He joined the institution in 2015, during his tenure, he headed the EEE Department at BITS-Pilani (2017-2020). Prior to this, he led the R&D department and was an Associate Professor at the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India (2011-2015).
Dr. Goel did his BSc (H- Physics) from the Ramjas College, Delhi University; MSc (Physics) from IIT Delhi; PhD (Electrical Engineering) from the University of Alberta, Canada on NSERC fellowship; and MBA in International Business from Amity University in 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 respectively. He has worked with two Indian national labs, Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar (2000-2001) and DEBEL-DRDO, Bangalore (2006). As an NIH fellow, Sanket did his postdoctoral work at the Stanford University, US (2006-2008), and worked as a Principal Investigator at A*STAR, Singapore (2008- 20011).
His current research interests are MEMS, Microfluidics, Nanotechnology, Materials and Devices for Energy, Biochemical and Biomedical Applications, Science Policy and Innovation & Entrepreneurship. As a Principal Investigator, Sanket has been implementing several funded projects (from DRDO, DST, ISRO, MNRE, Government of India; UNESCO; European Commission) and has been collaborating with various groups in India and abroad.
During the course of his career, Dr. Goel has won several awards, including Fulbright-Nehru fellowship (2015), DST Young Scientist Award (2013), American Electrochemical Society’s Best students paper award (2005), University of Alberta PhD thesis award (2005) etc. As on October 2020, he has more than 180 publications and 11 patents (1 US and 9 Indian) to his credits. He has delivered 70 invited talks, guided/guiding 20 PhD, and several Masters and Bachelors students.
Dr. Goel is a Senior Member, IEEE; Life Member, Institute of Smart Systems and Structures; Life Member, Indian Society of Electrochemical Chemistry. Currently he is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Access, Applied Nanoscience, and guest editor of Special Issue in Sensors - "3D Printed Microfluidic Devices". He is also serving as a Visiting Associate Professor with UiT, The Arctic University of Norway.
Dr. Khairunnisa Amreen is working as a Young Scientist post doctorate for ICMR-DHR at Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus under the supervision of Prof. Sanket Goel. Before this she was a SERB-National Post doctorate fellow with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus.
Prior to this, she worked as an Assistant Professor at dept. of PG chemistry, St. Ann’s College for women, Hyd, India. Dr. Amreen graduated from Osmania University, Telangana, India and did her M.Sc. (Analytical Chemistry) from Vellore Institute of technology (VIT), Vellore, TN. India. She obtained her doctoral degree (Ph.D. in electrochemistry) from VIT, Vellore with specialization in electroanalytical sensing. Dr. Amreen has worked as a teaching cum research associate and as a CSIR-senior research fellow at VIT.
Her research interests are biosensing, electrochemical sensing, nanotechnology, microfluidic electrochemical sensing, 3D printed electrodes and material synthesis. During the course of her career she has been awarded fellowships and awards like Science and Engineering Board-National Post doctorate, CSIR-SRF, Research award from VIT in recognition for her contribution to research and publications in reputed journals, Indo-Asian Research Excellence award.
She has 50 research publications, 3 Indian patents, filed to her credit. She has also co-authored 12 book chapters for reputed publications like IEEE, Elsevier, IOP, science. She has presented paper in more than 15 international/national conferences. Dr. Amreen is a passionate speaker and has delivered several invited talks as a resource person. She believes in working for the benefit of the society through her research and presently working on fabricating devices for health management.
