This book presents an overview of the field of bioelectricity by demonstrating the biological significance of electromagnetic fields, electrical properties of tissue, biological effects of electromagnetic energy, and therapeutic applications and health hazards of electromagnetic energy.
Preface
Contributors
Part I. Overview
Electromagnetism and Life
Robert O. Becker
References
Part II. Electromagnetic Energy and Regulation of Life Processes
Bacterial Biomagnetism and Geomagnetic Field Detection By Organisms
Richard P. Blakemore, Nancy A. Blakemore, Richard B. Frankel
Introduction
Animal Orientation and Homing
The Magnetosome
Magnetotaxis
Forms of Iron in Magnetic Bacteria
Magnetotactic Algae
Acknowledgements
References
The Earth’s Magnetic Field as a Navigational Cue
William E. Southern
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Geomagnetic Sensitivity and the Search for a Receptor
Magnetism and Other Vertebrates
Concluding Remarks and Summary
References
NMR Conditions and Biological Systems
E. Aarholt, J. Jaberansarim A. H. Jafary-Asl, P. N. Marsh, C. W. Smith
Introduction
Basic Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Measurements of Biological Systems Under NMR Conditions
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Apoplastic Electropotentials in Plants: Measurement and Use
William Gensler
Introduction
Basic Technique and Type of Potential Variations
Location of the Potential
Plant Acceptance
Origin of the Potential
Electrode Location and Plant Architecture
Reference Electrode
Applied Aspects of the Phytogram Technique
Active Bioelectrochemical Measurements
Summary
References
Part III. Electrical Properties of Tissue
Electrical Properties of Biological Tissue
Ronald Pethig
Introduction
Dielectric Theory: A Summary
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Bibliographically Bound Water
Biological Electrolytes
Membranes and Cells
Tissues
References
Electronic Properties of Natural and Modeled Bilayer Membranes
Jozef R. Zon, H. Ti Tien
Introduction
Electronic Phenomena in Membranes
Electronic Properties of Biological Membranes
Electronic Phenomena in BLM Systems
Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Study
Acknowledgements
References
Bioelectric Pyroelectricity
Sidney B. Lang
Introduction
Fundamentals of Pyroelectricity
Studies of Biological Materials
Conclusions and Some Speculation
References
Mathematical Modeling of Electromagnetic Interactions with Biological Systems
Francis X. Hart
Introduction
Static and Low Frequency Fields
Plane Waves
Near Fields
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Recent Developments in the Theory of Ion Flow Across Membranes Under Imposed Electric Fields
Martin Blank
Introduction
Ion Flow in Excitable Membranes
Electrical Double Layers—The Surface Compartment Model (SCM)
A Kinetic Basis for Ion Selectivity in Channels
Alternating Electric Fields in the SCM
Ion-Pumping Processes
Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Electrofusion of Cells
Hermann Berg
Introduction
Theoretical and Experimental Principles
Results
Discussion
References
Part IV. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Energy
Electromagnetic Energy and Physarum
Eugene M. Goodman, Michael T. Marron, Ben Greenebaum
Introduction
Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
Search for a Mechanism
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
An Electrochemical Consideration of Electromagnetic Bioeffects
Arthur A. Pilla
Introduction
Basic Electrochemical Kinetics Applied to the Cell Surface
Generation of PEMIC Waveforms—Relation to Cell Impedance Studies
References
Lymphocytes and Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields
Ruggero Cadossi, Giovanni Emilia, Giovanni Ceccherelli, Guiseppe Torelli
Introduction
The Lymphocyte-Lectin Model
The Lymphocyte
Preparation of Lymphocyte Cultures
The Effects of PEMFs on Lymphocytes
Assessment of Health Risk
Conclusions
References
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Nerve Regeneration
Betty F. Sisken
Introduction
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
Theories on the Mechanism of Action of Electric Fields on Nerve Regeneration
Future Studies
Acknowledgements
References
Limb Regeneration
Stephen D. Smith
Introduction
Normal Limb Development
Epimorphic Regeneration and Its Control
Differences Between Regenerators and Non-Regenerators
Direct Current Stimulation
Pulsed Magnetic Field Stimulation
References
Behavioral Measures of Electromagnetic Field Effects
Rochelle Medici
Why Behavior?
Historical Perspectives
Present Status of Electromagnetic Behavioral Studies
Conclusions
References
Part V. Therapeutic Application of Electromagnetic Energy
The Modern Magnetotherapies
Michael A. Persinger
Introduction
Fundamental Strategies of Magnetotherapies
Supportive Evidence: Major Experimental and Clinical Studies
Placebo: Phenomenon Without a Mechanism
Current Status, Critique and Suggestions
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Electrical Silver Antisepsis
J. A. Spadaro
Introduction
Background
Bacterial inhibition by Silver Electrodes In Vitro
Electrochemical Studies of Silver Inhibition of Bacteria
Animal Studies of Biocompatibility and Bacterial Inhibition
Clinical Applications
Future Directions
References
Direct Current and Bone Growth
Andrew A. Marino
Introduction
Bone Properties
Electricity and Bone: Foundations
Application of Electrical Energy
Discussion
A New Basis for the Clinical Use of DC Currents
References
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in the Treatment of Congenital and Acquired Pseudarthrosis
A. Dal Monte, G. Fontanesi, R. Cadossi, G. Poli, F. Giancecchi
Introduction
Clinical Experience
The Double-Blind Problem
Comparison Between Treatments
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Electroacupuncture
Maria Reichmanis
Introduction
Theories of Acupuncture
Anatomy of the Acupuncture System
Effects of Acupuncture System
Auricular Acupuncture
Electroacupuncture
Complications of Acupuncture Treatment
Indications for Acupuncture Treatment
Conclusion
References
Part VI. Health Hazards of Electromagnetic Energy
Revolution and Results of Biological Research with Low-Intensity Nonionizing Radiation
Allan H. Frey
Introduction
The Quiet Decade
The Lively Decade of the 1970’s and Into the 1980’s
Conclusions
References
Electromagnetic Energy and Cataracts
Milton M. Zaret
Introduction
Embryological and Anatomical Factors
Physiological Optics
Cataracts
Electromagnetic Energy and Cataractogenesis
Discussion
Conclusion
References and Endnotes
Immunologic and Cancer-Related Aspects of Exposure to Low-Level Microwave and Radiofrequency Fields
Stanislaw Szmigielski, Marian Bielec, Slawomir Lipski, Grazyna Sokolska
Introduction
Immunologic Responses to Low-Level Microwave and Radiofrequency Fields
Cancer-Related Aspects of Exposure to Low-Level Microwave Fields
Reference
The Biological Effects of Power-Frequency Electric Fields in the Environment
M. G. Shandala, Yu D. Dumanskiy, I. S. Bezdol’naya
Introduction
Physical Parameters of Powerline Fields
Biological Effects of Powerline Electric Fields
Possible Mechanisms of the Biological Action of Powerline Fields
Conclusions
References
Environmental Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health
Andrew A. Marino
Introduction
EMFs in the Environment
Laboratory Studies of EMF Bioeffects
Environmental Factors and Disease
EMFs and Disease
EMFs and Public Health
Summary
References
Index
Biography
Andrew A. Marino (Edited by)
