1st Edition
Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology
The success, growth, and virtually limitless applications of nanotechnology depend upon our ability to manipulate nanoscale objects, which in turn depends upon developing new insights into the interactions of electric fields, nanoparticles, and the molecules that surround them. In the first book to unite and directly address particle electrokinetics and nanotechnology, Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology provides a thorough grounding in the phenomena associated with nanoscale particle manipulation.
The author delivers a wealth of application and background knowledge, from using electric fields for particle sorting in lab-on-a-chip devices to electrode fabrication, electric field simulation, and computer analysis. It also explores how electromechanics can be applied to sorting DNA molecules, examining viruses, constructing electronic devices with carbon nanotubes, and actuating nanoscale electric motors.
The field of nanotechnology is inherently multidisciplinary-in its principles, in its techniques, and in its applications-and meeting its current and future challenges will require the kind of approach reflected in this book. Unmatched in its scope, Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology offers an outstanding opportunity for people in all areas of research and technology to explore the use and precise manipulation of nanoscale structures.
The Promise of Nanotechnology
Electrodynamics
Electrokinetics and Nanoparticles
A Note on Terminology
ELECTROKINETICS
The Laws of Electrostatics
Coulomb's Law, Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
Gauss', Laplace's and Poisson's Equations
Conductance and Capacitance
Polarization and Dispersion
Dielectric Spheres in Electric Fields
Forces in Field Gradients: Dielectrophoresis and Electrorotation
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES
Colloids
The Electrical Double Layer
The Gouy-Chapman Model
The Stern Layer
Particles in Moving Fluids
Colloids in Electric Fields
Electrode Polarization and Fluid Flow
Other Forces Affecting Colloidal Particles
ANALYSIS AND MANIPULATION OF SOLID PARTICLES
Dielectrophoresis of Homogeneous Colloids
Frequency-Dependent Behavior and the Crossover Frequency
Double Layer Effects
Dielectrophoresis vs. Fluid Flow
Separating Spheres
Trapping Single Particles
Limitations on Minimum Particle Trapping Size
Dielectrophoresis and Laser Trapping
DIELECTROPHORESIS OF COMPLEX BIOPARTICLES
Manipulating Viruses
Anatomy of Viruses
The Multi-Shell Model
Methods of Measuring Dielectrophoretic Response
Examining Virus Structure by Dielectrophoresis
The Interpretation of Crossover Data
Studying Non-Spherical Viruses
Separating Viruses
Unexpected Charge Effects
DIELECTROPHORESIS, MOLECULES AND MATERIALS
Manipulation at the Molecular Scale
Manipulating Proteins
Dielectrophoresis for Protein Analysis
DNA
Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of DNA
Applications of DNA Manipulation
Nanotubes, Nanowires and Carbon-60
NANOENGINEERING
Towards Molecular Nanotechnology
Directed Self Assembly
Device Assembly
Electrostatic Self-Assembly
Electronics with Nanotubes, Nanowires and Carbon-60
Putting it all Together: The Potential for Dielectrophoretic Nanoassembly
Dielectrophoresis and Materials Science
Nanoelectromechanical Systems
PRACTICAL DIELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION
Limitations on Dielectrophoretic Separation
Flow Separation
Field Flow Fractionation
Thermal Ratchets
Separation Strategies using Dielectrophoretic Ratchets
Stacked Ratcheting Mechanisms
Traveling Wave Dielectrophoresis
Applications of Traveling Wave Dielectrophoresis
ELECTRODE STRUCTURES
Microengineering
Electrode Fabrication Techniques
Laboratories on a Chip
A Note about Patents
COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROMECHANICS
The Need for Simulation
Principles of Electric Field Simulation
Analytical Methods
Numerical Methods
Finite Element Analysis
The Method of Moments
Commercial vs. Custom Software
Determination of Dynamic Field Effects
Example: Simulation of Polynomial Electrodes
DIELECTROPHORETIC RESPONSE MODELING AND MATLAB
Modeling the Dielectrophoretic Response
Programming in MATLAB
Modeling the CLAUSIUS-MOSSOTTI FACTOR
Determining the Crossover Spectrum
Modeling Surface Conductance Effects
Multi-Shell Objects
Finding the Best Fit
MATLAB in Time-Variant Field Analysis
Other MATLAB Functions
APPENDIX A. A DIELECTROPHORETIC ROTARY NANOMOTOR: A PROPOSAL
Biography
Michael Pycraft Hughes
"Overall, this is the first book noted to unite and directly address particle electrokinetics and nanotechnology. Hughes provides a thorough description of the phenomena associated with nanoscale particle manipulation. … [A] significant amount of information on applications and background knowledge is provided for each technology described."
- Micro/Nano, July 2004
"Dr. Hughes' book…is unique in bridging the gap between key disciplines critical to the future of nanotechnology in the 21st century. The boundaries between disciplines are fast disappearing, but few textbooks have captured the need for providing students with a spectrum of information across the key areas of science and technology where it is predicted many new developments will take place. This is at the critical interface between nanoscience, mechanical and electrical/electronic engineering and biology. The many academic institutions that are in the process of setting up truly multidisciplinary departments and research groups will find this timely publication neatly fills what was until now a worrying vacuum."
-Ottilia Saxl, CEO, The Institute of Nanotechnology
