1st Edition
Natural Resource-Based Conflicts in Rural Zimbabwe
This book investigates the range of conflicts over land and other natural resources in contemporary Zimbabwe, considering the different forms these conflicts take, and the ensuing outcomes.
Zimbabwe is a country rich in natural resources, including land, wildlife, minerals, and water resources. These resources are integral to the formal and informal livelihoods of most Zimbabweans, as well as supporting many key industries. Wildlife, land, and water resources are also embedded in indigenous knowledge systems, religious beliefs and rituals in many rural communities, forming an important part of people’s identity and sense of belonging. However, this book demonstrates the ways in which rural communities are being denied access to these resources and being displaced by extractive companies and by the government. Their response is often to turn to violence to try to reclaim their lands. Drawing on original empirical research from different conflicts across Zimbabwe, the book also considers the issue in the context of problems such as climate change, human wildlife conflicts, and politico-economic crises.
This book will be useful to policy makers, students, conservationists, and academics across the fields of sociology, human geography, development, political science, and environment studies.
Chapter 1: Natural Resource-Based Conflicts in Zimbabwe
Joshua Matanzima, Patience Chadambuka and Kirk Helliker
PART A: Land, Natural Resources and Conflict
Chapter 2: Domestic Communal Land Grabbing and Dwindling Peri-Urban Spaces: The Case of Midlands District’s Mataga Communal Areas
Patience Chadambuka, Talent Moyo, Faith Zengeni and Praise Percy Tinashe Gandah
Chapter 3: Natural Resource Conflicts in Western Zimbabwe
Robert K. Hitchcock, Melinda C. Kelly and Maria Sapignoli
Chapter 4: Othering Doma Foragers: Contestations Over Natural Resources in the Mid-Zambezi Valley
Vincent Jani, Nigel L. Webb and Anton H. de Wit
Chapter 5: Women’s Land Access and Gendered Land Conflicts in Hwedza and Makoni Districts
Ngonidzashe Chidavaenzi and Chengetai E. Hamadziripi
Chapter 6: Resource Conflicts in Chiredzi District: The Case of the Minority Hlengwe against Settlers and the State, 1950s-2022
Taderera Hebert Chisi
Part B: Water and Conflict
Chapter 7: Water as a Site of Contestation at Lake Kariba
Joshua Matanzima
Chapter 8: Conflicts over River Sand Use and Management in Binga District
Christopher Mweembe
Chapter 9: Conflict over Land and Water Resources in Zimunya, Manicaland Province
Aldrin T. Magaya and Mathew Ruguwa
Chapter 10: Whose Water is it? Underground Water and Social Conflicts in Fuleche, Hurungwe District, c1958-2020
Ivan Marowa
Chapter 11: Governance, Power Dynamics and Conflicts in Norton’s Small-Scale Fisheries
Tawanda Jimu, Martin Magidi and Simbarashe Gukurume
Chapter 12: Conflicts over Natural Resources at Mutirikwi Dam in Masvingo Province
Shumirai Nyota and Jeriphanos Makaye
PART C: Minerals and Conflict
Chapter 13: Farmer-Miner Conflicts in Mberengwa North, 2000-2020
Praise Percy Tinashe Gandah
Chapter 14: Mining-Induced Displacement and Resource Conflicts in Chiadzwa
Simbarashe Gukurume, Felix Tombindo and Tawanda Jimu
Chapter 15: Farming-Mining Conflicts surrounding Land Use on A1 Farms in Shurugwi District
Tendai Nciizah
Chapter 16: Conflicts over Harnessing of Diamond Resources in Marange Communal Area, Eastern Zimbabwe, 2006 - 2015
Mathew Ruguwa
Biography
Joshua Matanzima is a Research Officer at the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining (Sustainable Minerals Institute) at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. He holds a PhD in Anthropology from La Trobe University, Australia. His research interests include natural resources conflicts between indigenous people, governments and extractive companies; social aspects of mining and energy transitions; and social, environmental and governance risks and impacts of large-scale infrastructure development and conservation projects. He has carried out extensive fieldwork on these topics in the Middle-Zambezi Valley.
Patience Chadambuka is a researcher, Lecturer and Acting Chairperson in the Department of Community Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences at the Midlands State University, Zimbabwe. She holds a PhD in Sociology with Rhodes University, South Africa. She researches and writes on land, livelihoods, ethnicity and gender. She has also been awarded international research grants on climate change and disability studies.
Kirk Helliker is an Emeritus Research Professor in the Department of Sociology at Rhodes University in South Africa, where he heads the Unit of Zimbabwean Studies, which he founded. The Unit was formed in 2015 and seeks to contribute to the development of emerging, early-career and mid-career Zimbabwean (and other) scholars. Professor Helliker publishes widely on Zimbabwean history, politics and society and has supervised a significant number of PhD and MA students.
This collection marks a new plateau in the study of rural Zimbabwe. A full generation after rapid, violent rapid land reform, the distinction between private and common lands has broken down. Mining and its resource curse have filled the economic void left by the collapse of tourism. This cohort of emergent, insightful authors traces startling - sometimes heart-rending - dynamics of conflict: between smallholders and a Chinese mining corporation, between foragers and the state, between large and small ethnicities, and between women and men. As always, Zimbabweans fight for their rights, however defined and contested.
David Hughes, Rutgers University, USA. Author of the book Whiteness in Zimbabwe: Race, Landscape, and the Problem of Belonging.
Natural resource conflicts are on the rise, made more intense by the effects of climate change. This is definitely the case in Zimbabwe. This important book looks at how conflicts play out around land, water, minerals and their intersections. Based on original research from every corner of the country, the case studies reveal how struggles over resources give rise to contestations around authority, with major implications for politics and governance. This must-read book will be of interest to researchers, policymakers and field practitioners and anyone interested in the politics of environmental change in Zimbabwe and beyond.
Ian Scoones, Professor, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
This innovative interdisciplinary text focuses on natural resource-based conflicts in rural Zimbabwe where individuals face everyday challenges in obtaining land and water rights as well as access to fisheries and forests. Rural dwellers live in precarious situations due to a combination of unequal power dynamics and unjust laws that compromise their land tenure rights. They are prone to displacement without compensation due to mineral discoveries, dam constructions, and urban expansion. The book is essential reading for historians, sociologists, anthropologists, environmentalists, urban planners and rural development specialists.
Terence M Mashingaidze, Department of History, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
There is need to rethink natural resource governance in the light of everyday conflicts that are multi- layered, within rural Zimbabwe. The structural forms of conflicts at micro, meso and macro levels, affect inclusive processes and equitable resource development. This comes at a time when different policy vectors are being proposed nationally to enhance the natural resource governance pillars in rural and urban Zimbabwe to enhance processes of resource efficiency.
Professor Patience Mutopo, Ministry of Environment, Climate and Wildlife, Zimbabwe
