1st Edition
Necrotizing Enterocolitis pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
This is the first textbook devoted entirely to understanding and treating necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), one of the leading causes of death and disability in premature infants. NEC continues to occur in neonatal units across the world, and the overall mortality has remained stubbornly high since its first description decades ago. Despite significant research into NEC, and a greater understanding of its underlying causes, there is no single source of information to which the care team can turn for guidance. This book fills that important gap in clinical care.
In selecting the topics for this inaugural textbook, three guiding principles have been followed. First, to include chapters that provide detailed information for the medical team – the doctors and nurses, the therapists and pharmacists, the chaplains and the child life workers – so that each team member can optimally recognize, prevent and treat patients with this disease. Second, to ensure that chapters cover the depth and breadth of the latest clinical and scientific research into NEC, each selected to identify specific preventative strategies or therapies for this disease. Third, and perhaps most importantly, to focus not only on the child with NEC, but also on the child’s family, in order to provide comprehensive information about a disease that families have barely heard about, until the jarring day when their precious infant is affected by it.
This book therefore:
- serves as a "how-to guide" for the care of the infant with NEC
- summarises critical new research and offers guidelines for future key research areas
- addresses the complex and difficult issues surrounding care of the critically ill infant suffering from NEC
Written for the entire health care team including paediatric surgeons, neonatologists, developmental paediatricians, epidemiologists, ethicists, child life professionals, therapists and specialist nurses, each team member will find this book of value. This book was written to demystify this cruel disease, and to unlock its closely held secrets of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
List of Contributors
1. Introduction: Necrotizing Enterocolitis, The Stories of Its Tiny Patients, and the Journey Ahead
David J. Hackam
2. Nursing Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Management of Infant Stomas
Margaret Birdsong and Michelle Felix
3. Nursing Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Management of Central Venous Catheters
Margaret Birdsong and Michelle Felix
4. An Updated Overview of the Medical Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Lila S. Nolan, Martin Goree, and Misty Good
5. Clinical Clues, Biochemical Indices, and Biomarkers: Diagnostic Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Karl G. Sylvester and Enrico Danzer
6. Imaging Considerations in NEC Diagnosis: Plain Films, Ultrasound, and Everything Else
Emily A. Dunn
7. Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation (SIP) Is Not Necrotizing Enterocolitis but Remains the Major Confounder of NEC Data
Phillip V. Gordon, Jonathan R. Swanson, and Reese H. Clark
8. International Practice Patterns in NEC Management: North America, Europe, and Australasia
Maarten Janssen Lok, Carlos Zozaya, Sinobol Chusilp, and Agostino Pierro
9. Feeding Strategies in the Patient with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Krista E. Cooksey, Olivia B. Parks, Angela N. Lewis, and Misty Good
10. Surgery for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes
David J. Hackam
11. Major Issues Related to Progress in NEC
Josef Neu
12. Probiotics in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Mark A. Underwood
13. Cardiovascular, Hemodynamic, and Critical Care Considerations in the Patient with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Christine M. Cortelyou, Zachary A. Vesoulis, and Misty Good
14. Neurodevelopmental Considerations in the Patient with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Panagiotis Kratimenos and Frances J. Northington
15. Lung Disease and Ventilator Strategies in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Jegen Kandasamy and Namasivayam Ambalavanan
16. Clinical Trials in NEC Research: Advances, Perils, and Pitfalls
Cheryl Battersby, Chris Gale, and Neena Modi
17. Management of Short Bowel Syndrome after Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Ross Beckman and Samuel Alaish
18. Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Unusual Cases: Term Infants, Congenital Anomalies, and Comorbidities
Spencer W. Beasley
19. Intestinal Transplantation for Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Geoffrey Bond
20. Optical Spectroscopy for the Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Seth D. Goldstein
21. Anesthetic Management of the Neonate with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
John J. McCloskey
22. Novel and Alternative Techniques in Surgery for Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Maame Efua S. Sampah and David J. Hackam
23. Supporting NEC Risk Awareness with Bedside Tools Like GutCheckNEC
Sheila M. Gephart
24. Health Economics and Care Delivery Issues in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Meredith E. Mowitz and John A. F. Zupancic
25. Quality Improvement and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Minesh Khashu and Sunitha Vimalesvaran
26. Implementation Strategies for Quality Improvement to Avoid Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Sheila M. Gephart
27. Clinical Outcomes in Children with NEC
Mark D. Stringer
28. Contextualizing Necrotizing Enterocolitis within Health Disparities Research
Amaris M. Keiser
29. Ethical Issues in the Care of Children with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Margaret R. Moon and Renee D. Boss
30. Family Perspective of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Jennifer Canvasser
31. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Pathogenesis of NEC
Maame Efua Sampah and David J. Hackam
32. The Role of Growth Factor Signaling in the Development and Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Rita D. Shelby, Terrence M. Rager, Barrett P. Cromeens, and Gail E. Besner
33. The Role of Platelet-Activating Factor in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Michael Caplan
34. The Role of Vascular Development in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Isabelle G. De Plaen, Elizabeth Managlia, and Xiaocai Yan
35. Bile Acids in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Melissa D. Halpern
36. Bacterial Communities in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Brigida Rusconi, Misty Good, and Barbara Warner
37. The Importance of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of NEC
Andres Gonzalez Salazar and David J. Hackam
38. The Role of Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Anatoly Grishin, Patrick T. Delaplain, Jin Wang, Michael Mallicote, Michelle Nguyen, Michael Philippe-Auguste, Christopher P. Gayer, and Henri R. Ford
39. The Silver Lining: The Small Intestinal Epithelial Barrier and Its Role in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Mark R. Frey, Misty Good, and Steven J. McElroy
40. Innate and Adaptive Immune Dysfunction and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Paula Osterhout, Christina S. Kim, and Erika C. Claud
41. Intestinal Immune Adaptation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Mathias W. Hornef
42. Advancements in Research on Necrotizing Enterocolitis Pathogenesis and Prevention Using Pigs
Douglas Burrin, Juan Marini, Murali Premkumar, Barbara Stoll, and Per Torp Sangild
43. Small Animal Models for the Study of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and "NEC-in-a-Dish"
Mark L. Kovler, Chhinder P. Sodhi, and David J. Hackam
44. Nutritional Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Jae H. Kim
45. The Paneth Cell and Its Role in the Development of NEC
Brian A. Juber and Steven J. McElroy
46. Human Donor Milk and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Maggie Meeks and Rachael Lamb
47. The Genetic Basis of NEC Susceptibility
Lovya George, Wei Yu, Alain Cuna, and Venkatesh Sampath
48. Anemia as a Modifiable Risk Factor for NEC
Ravi Mangal Patel
49. Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Postnatal Gut Development and Risk of Intestinal Injury
Camilia R. Martin
50. Machine Learning in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Challenges and Opportunities
Jennine Weller and David J. Hackam
51. Necrotizing Enterocolitis Risk from a Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perspective
Mark L. Kovler, Savannah Ireland, Angie C. Jelin, and Eric B. Jelin
52. Future Directions and Research Opportunities in NEC: The Top Ten Unanswered Questions and Top Five Areas of Research Focus
David J. Hackam
Index
Biography
David J. Hackam, MD, PhD, FACS.
Pediatric Surgeon-in-Chief and Co-Director, The Johns Hopkins Children’s Center
Garrett Professor and Chief of Pediatric Surgery,
Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics, Cell Biology, and Genetic Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland , USA
"This book organizes an immense amount of information in a way that is
appropriate for novice medical students as well as the most seasoned bedside
nurses...this book has no comparison."Jessica A Zagory, MD, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
