Introduction
General
Ocean Acidification
Terrestrial and Freshwater Acidification
Literature Cited
Historical
General
Present to 35,000 Years Ago
From 35,000 to 450,000 Years Ago
From 450,000 to 2.1 Million Years Ago
2.5 From 15 to 60 Million Years Ago 15
From 89 to 545+ Million Years Ago
Literature Cited
Sources of Oceanic Acidification
General
Anthropogenic
Biological
Physical
Literature Cited
Mode of Action
General
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Literature Cited
Acidification Effects on Biota
General
Photosynthetic Flora
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Literature Cited
Field Studies
General
Arctic Ocean
Arabian Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Australia
Baltic Sea
Belgian Coastal Areas
Bering Sea and Environs
Bermuda
Borneo
Caribbean Region
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Maine
Indian Ocean
Ischia Island, Italy
Japan, Volcano Islands
Labrador Sea
North American West Coast
North Sea
Pacific Ocean
Red Sea
Southern Ocean
Tatoosh Island, Washington
Literature Cited
Modifiers
General
Methodological
Natural Variations
Interactions
Literature Cited
Mitigation
General
Ocean Sequestration
Declining Water Quality
Reduction in Emissions from Airliners
Increasing International Cooperation
Develop Alternative Technologies
Environmental Modification
Legislation
Literature Cited
Concluding Remarks
Biography
Ronald Eisler
