Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Chemicals Technical Aspects, Policies, and Practices

The challenge of identifying, assessing, and regulating PBTs

PBTs: An introduction

The significance and regulatory origins of the PBT concept

Typology of PBT policies

Purposes and scope of the book

Method

Organization of the book

References

Persistence

Bioaccumulation

Toxicity

PBT determinations

References

Weight of evidence

How many PBTs are in commerce?

References

Introduction to PBT policies

International PBT policies

Regional PBT policies

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Japan

China

Canada

United States

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Subnational PBT policies

Programs to encourage voluntary management of PBTs

Government programs to encourage voluntary risk management

Private programs to encourage voluntary risk management

Case study: State regulation, market forces, retail regulation, and brominated flame retardants

Conclusion

References

Findings and recommendations

Harmonization

Modernization

Conclusion

References

Biography

Adam D.K. Abelkop is an associate instructor at the School of Public and Environmental Affairs and a doctoral candidate in Indiana University’s Joint PhD in Public Policy program administered by School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Department of Political Science. He earned his law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law and completed his undergraduate studies at Wake Forest University. His research focuses on the ways in which scientific and socioeconomic information are incorporated into judicial decision making, as well as risk regulation for environmental and public health protection.

John D. Graham is dean of the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. He earned his undergraduate degree from Wake Forest University, his MA in public policy from Duke University, and his PhD in urban and public affairs from Carnegie-Mellon University. He joined the faculty of the Harvard School of Public Health in 1985 and served as the founding director of the School’s Center for Risk Analysis from 1989 to 2001. Dr. Graham’s research focuses on risk-based decision making. He is the author or coauthor of more than 10 books and more than 200 academic papers.

Todd V. Royer is an associate professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Dr. Royer holds degrees in ecology from Iowa State University and Idaho State University and was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 2000 to 2003. His research is aimed at understanding how biogeochemical and ecological factors, including human activities, interact to affect water quality and ecosystem functioning in freshwater systems.

"… an essential tool for policymakers and practitioners concerned with chemical management policy in the 21^st century. It is the best available handbook explaining the history of PBT principles and the current state of regulatory approaches to the subject. It further provides a clear and comprehensive picture of the scientific and policy issues that warrant attention by all parties involved in chemical management matters."
—Mark Greenwood, Greenwood Environmental Counsel

"This text provides a comparative analysis of regulatory experience in considering persistence, bioaccumulation and associated toxicity in prioritization and risk assessment of industrial chemicals, based on input from a broad range of sources. As a result, it provides highly relevant and recommended background reading for those considering options to address the essential need to more efficiently prioritize, assess and manage much larger numbers of existing industrial chemicals."
—M.E. (Bette) Meek, Associate Director, Chemical Risk Assessment, McLaughlin Centre for Risk Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa

"Many countries are increasingly concerned about pollution problems caused by chemicals that are "persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic" (PBT). Despite international alarm about these chemicals, there is little unanimity about how to regulate or identify them. This book by Abelkop, Graham, and Royer (all, Indiana Univ.) explores the various definitions, methods of analysis, and regulatory policies currently used in the effort to minimize the damage that PBT chemicals may cause. The situation is complicated because different nations analyze and regulate these compounds differently, and there may even be important differences within the subdivisions of individual countries. For example, China, which has become a major chemical producer, has far fewer well-developed policies than the US or the European Union, and some US states have local regulations that differ from national standards. In order to reconcile these various requirements, it will first be necessary to identify how they differ. This book is a valuable step in that direction. It is is well written and thorough but provides a level of detail that will be most useful to advanced-level students and professionals. Thus, it is mainly recommended for libraries that support graduate programs in environmental studies"
—CHOICE, June 2016