1st Edition
Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels
The perpetual flow of understanding between phase transformation that controls grain/microstructures and heat treatment which decides the size of grains/microstructures of steels is not well articulated in the perspective of undergraduate students. In Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, theories of phase transformation have been used to obtain a desirable phase or combination of phases by performing appropriate heat treatment operations, leading to unification of both the concepts. Further, it includes special and critical heat treatment practices, case studies, local and in-service heat treatments, curative and preventive measures of heat treatment defects for several common and high-performance applications.
Features:
- Presents fundamentals of phase transformation in steels
- Analyzes basics of phase transformation due to heat treatment of steel under various environmental conditions
- Explains application of heat treatment for different structural components
- Discusses heat treatment defects and detection
- Emphasizes heat treatment of special steels and in-situ heat treatment practices
1. An introduction to Metals
1.1 Elements, atoms and isotopes
1.2 Types of bonding between atoms
1.3 Crystal structures
2. Diffusion2.1 Atomic diffusion mechanisms
2.2 Types of diffusion
3. Defects in Crystalline Solids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification
4. Solid Solutions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of solid solutions
4.3 Electron to atom ratio
4.4 Enthalpy of formation of a solid solution
4.5 Entropy of formation of a solid solution
4.6 Free energy change upon formation of a solid solution
4.7 Ordered and random solid solutions
4.8 Intermediate phases
5. Phase diagrams and phase transformations
5.1 Thermodynamic considerations of phase diagrams
5.2 Gibb’s Phase rule
5.3 Lever rule
5.4 Types of phase diagrams and phase transformations
5.5 Some other solid phase transformations in metals and alloys
5.6 Roles of defects and diffusion
6. Iron-Carbon phase diagram
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Allotropic transformations in iron
6.3 Solubility of carbon in iron
6.4 Iron-iron carbide phase diagram
6.5 Effect of alloying elements on the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram
7. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Solid-State Phase Transformation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nucleation
7.3 Growth Kinetics
7.4 TTT and CCT Diagrams
8. Phase transformation in steels
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Formation of austenite
8.3. Pearlitic transformation
8.4. Bainitic transformation
8.5. Martensitic transformation
9. Heat Treatment Furnaces
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Classification of furnaces
9.3. Batch furnace
9.4. Continuous furnace
9.5. Salt bath furnace
10. Heat treatment atmosphere
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Reactions between atmosphere and material
10.3. Types of furnace atmospheres
11. Common heat treatment practices
11.1. Typical heat treatment processes
11.2. Hardenability
11.3. Case-hardening and surface-hardening
11.4. Thermo-mechanical treatment
11.5. Heat treatment of carbon and alloy steels
12. Special Steels
12.1. Stainless steels
12.2. Hadfield manganese steels
12.3. HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) or micro-alloyed steels
12.4. TRIP (Transformed Induced Plasticity) steels
12.5. Maraging steels
12.6. Dual-Phase steels
12.7. Tool steels
12.8. Electric grade steels
13. Some in-situ post weld heat treatment practices
13.1 Necessity
13.2 Conventional PWHT process
13.3 In-situ PWHT of TRIP steel
13.4 PWHT of duplex stainless steel
14. Heat Treatment of cast-iron
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Types of cast iron
14.3. Heat Treatment of gray cast iron
14.4. Heat treatment of Malleable cast iron
14.5. Heat treatment of S.G. irons
15. Heat treatment defects and their determination
15.1 Distortion
15.2 Warping
15.3 Residual stresses
15.4 Quench cracking
15.5 Soft spot
15.6 Oxidation and decarburization
15.7 Low hardness and strength after hardening
15.8 Overheating of steel
15.9 Burning of steel
15.10 Black fracture
15.11 Deformation and Volume changes after hardening
15.12 Excessive hardness after tempering
15.13 Corrosion and Erosion
16. Some special heat treatment practices
16.1 Automobile Industries
16.2 Aerospace industries
16.3 Medical equipment
16.4 Defense Industries
Biography
Bankim Chandra Ray is a Professor of the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India. Prof. Ray’s research centers on the impact of extreme environmental conditions in FRP composites. He is at present pursuing the mechanistic origin of environmental damage phenomena of the engineered FRP materials. He has also worked on non-destructive evaluation of FRP materials during his academic visit to UK University. Professor Ray intends to further his expertise in the field of polymer nano-composites. He and his group have started an investigation on the effect of ultra-low temperatures on synthesis of nano-particles by sono-electro-chemical principle. He has also worked on solidification behaviour and structure-property relationship of especially Al-Si alloys. He is also investigating micro-examinations of interfaces and its implications on nano-composites in metal matrix systems. He has an experience on computer modelling of phase transformation of ferrous materials. Dr. Ray has recently been selected by UNESCO based on Science Citation Index. He is the author of more than 125 scientific papers out of which 78 in International Journals and regular reviewer of many high impact Journals of Composites and Materials Science areas. Prof. Ray’s research has been funded by different governmental agencies. Further, he has 25 years of teaching experience in one of the premier institute of the nation. Mentoring as a Project leader of multi-crores integrated Research and Development proposal for the setting-up of Steel Technology Centre at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.
Rajesh Kumar Prusty is presently he is working as an Assistant Professor at Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India after completion of his Master’s degree (M.E.) in Materials Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India with CGPA 7.9 out of 8 (gold medallist). He holds his Bachelor’s degree (B.Tech.) in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India with CGPA 9.19 out of 10 (first rank). He currently offers “Composite Materials” course to both UG and PG students and “Nanostructured Materials” course to UG students.
Deepak Nayak is a Scientist at the CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar. Born in 1989 in Bhubaneswar, he graduated from National Institute of Technology Rourkela with a B.Tech in Metallurgical & Materials Engineering before working at JSL Stainless Ltd., New Delhi in 2010. After his one year career as a graduate engineer trainee there, he returned to Bhubaneswar, where he received his M.Tech from Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (CSIR-IMMT) in 2013. He was lastly associated with Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur as a research scholar prior to joining CSIR-IMMT as a scientist in 2015. He has been involved in managing projects from concept to completion in the area of mineral beneficiation, iron and steel, extraction of valuable metals and so on.
