1st Edition
Political Parties A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy
Edited By Robert Michels
Copyright 1999
380 Pages
by
Routledge
380 Pages
by
Routledge
379 Pages
by
Routledge
Also available as eBook on:
The principle of self-government through political parties, the cornerstone of democracy, has come to be regarded as a solution to the problem of nationality. This is because the principle of nationality entails the acceptance of the idea of popular government. The importance of the principle of nationality is undeniable, and most of the national questions of Western Europe might be solved in... Read more
Introduction; Causes of Leadership: Introductory—The Need for Organization; 2: A. Technical and Administrative Causes of Leadership: Mechanical and Technical Impossibility of Direct Government by the Masses; 3: A. Technical and Administrative Causes of Leadership: The Modern Democratic Party as a Fighting Party, Dominated by Militarist Ideas and Methods; 1: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: The Establishment of a Customary Right to the Office of Delegate; 2: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: The Need for Leadership Felt by the Mass; 3: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: The Political Gratitude of the Masses; 4: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: The Cult of Veneration Among the Masses; 5: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: Acessory Qualities Requisite to Leadership; 6: B. Psychological Causes of Leadership: Accessory Peculiarities of the Masses; 1: C. Intellectual Factors: Superiority of the Professional Leaders in Respect to Culture, and Their Indispensa-bility; the Formal and Real Incompetence of the Mass; Two: Autocratic Tendencies of Leaders; 1: The Stability of Leadership; 2: The Financial Power of the Leaders and of the Party; 3: The Leaders and the Press; 4: The Position of the Leaders in Relation to the Masses in Actual Practice; 5: The Struggle Between the Leaders and the Masses; 6: The Struggle Among the Leaders Themselves; 7: Bureaucracy. Centralizing and Decentralizing Tendencies; Three: The Exercise of Power and Its Psychological Reaction upon the Leaders; 1: Psychological Metamorphosis of the Leaders; 2: Bonapartist Ideology; 3: Identification of the Party with the Leader (“Le Parti c’est Moi”); Four: Social Analysis of Leadership; 1: Introductory. The Class Struggle and Its Disintegrating Influence upon the Bourgeoisie; 2: Analysis of the Bourgeois Elements in the Socialist Leadership; 3: Social Changes Resulting from Organization; 4: The Need for the Differentiation of the Working Class; 5: Labor Leaders of Proletarian Origin; 6: Intellectuals, and the Need for Them in the Working-Class Parties; Five: Attempts to Restrict the Influence of the Leaders; 1: The Referendum; 2: The Postulate of Renunciation; 3: Syndicalism as Prophylactic; 4: Anarchism as Prophylactic; Six: Synthesis: The Oligarchical Tendencies of Organization; 1: The Conservative Basis of Organization; 2: Democracy and the Iron Law of Oligarchy; 3: Party-Life in War-Time; 4: Final Considerations
Biography
Kathleen A. Roskos
