This three volume collection presents a documentary-based history of British politics and commercial policy in the long nineteenth century. Starting from the theoretical breakthroughs of the late eighteenth century and their application to policy, the volumes encompass the rise and fall of free trade, and detail how the different dimensions of commercial policy influenced political ideas and the configuration of party politics. The disruptive tendencies and divisive nature of commercial policy was often aligned with broader divisions in philosophy and party politics, relating to individuals, classes and the nation, in terms of individual liberty and freedom, the responsibility of government to protect national sovereignty, and in maintaining economic balance and harmony within the nation. The three volumes begin with the publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and end with the fractious party politics which were brought to a temporary truce with the beginning of the First World War. This title will be of great interest to students and scholars of history and politics.
Politics and Trade in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1776-1914
Edited by Gordon Bannerman
Volume 1: 1776-1840
Acknowledgements
Editorial Principle
Chronology
General Introduction
Volume 1 Introduction
1. Adam Smith and Lord North Report
2. Letter of ‘Remark’ on Adam Smith
3. Extract from a speech by the Earl of Shelburne
4. Extracts from Duke of Rutland to William Pitt, 16 June 1784
5. William Pitt to Duke of Rutland, 4 December 1784
6. Charles James Fox, speech of 24 May 1785
7. The Commercial Treaty. A New Ballad, from France
8. French Treaty
9. Charles James Fox, speech at the King’s Speech on Opening the Session, 23 January 1787
10. General Chamber of Manufacturers of Great Britain
11. Editorial on French Treaty,
12. Lord Sheffield to William Eden, 11 February 1787, William Eden to Lord Sheffield, February 1787, Josiah Wedgwood to Lord Auckland, 16 June 1787
13. Abridgment of the State of Politicks this Week
14. Extract from William Edward Hartpole Lecky History of England in the Eighteenth Century
15. France: National Convention, 31 December 1792
16. Lord Sheffield to Lord Auckland, 5 February 1793
17. Protest of Lords on War with France
18. Lord Glastonbury to William Pitt, 12 March 1799
19. Charles Maurice Talleyrand to Charles James Fox, 1 April 1806 and Charles James Fox to Charles Maurice Talleyrand, 8 April 1806
20. Extract from Diary of Thomas Handasyde Baxter, 1810-11
21. Editorial for Orders in Council; Petition for withdrawing the Orders in Council & Copy of Resolutions inclosed in the letter to the Mayor
22. Declaration of Prince Regent against French Decrees of Berlin and Milan and on Orders in Council, 21 April 1812
23. Orders in Council Editorial, Leeds Mercury, 11 July 1812
24. Extract from W. Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times: laissez faire
25. Criticus, ‘Parliamentary Criticism: Lord Holland’,
26. Resolutions of Committee of Whole House on the State of the Corn Laws (1815)
27. Extracts from The Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1802-1817
28. Letters of Francis Horner to his father, 30 January 1815, to Lord Murray, 3 March 1815, and to Henry Hallam, 14 October 1816
29. ‘On the Freedom of Trade’
30. ‘Lord John Russell’
31. Extract from Memoir of John Charles, Viscount Althorp, third Earl Spencer
32. George Canning to the Earl of Liverpool, 12 September 1825
33. ‘To Mr. Huskisson’
34. Correspondence between Kirkman Finlay, John Gladstone, and William Huskisson, March 1826,
35. The Right Hon. W. Huskisson; Free Trade
36. Editorial on Mr. Huskisson and Free Trade
37. James Silk Buckingham, ‘The East India Company’s Charter, and the trade to India and China’
38. Extract from the diary of Thomas Handasyde Baxter, 18 September 1830
39. Speeches of Earl of Malmesbury, Lord Seagrave, Earl of Radnor, and Earl of Carnarvon, Parliamentary Reform – Bill for England
40. ‘Reform and Free Trade’, ‘The Corn Laws’, and ‘A Warwickshire Farmer’
41. ‘To Our Readers’,
42. ‘Difficulties of the Commission’, Commercial Relations between France and Great Britain by G. Villiers and J. Bowring; Viscount Melbourne to Thomas Spring Rice, 20 September 1835
43. Henry Cockburn on Manufacturing, 2 April 1835
44. [Thomas Dick], ‘The Corn Laws’
45. Election addresses of Sir John Gladstone and Henry Parnell to the electors of Dundee
46. Charles Pelham Villiers to Joseph Sturge, 15 August 1838 and Henry Brougham to Joseph Sturge, 29 September 1838
47. Lord Brougham to William Weir, Chairman of Glasgow Anti-Corn Law Association, 2 October 1838
48. Lord Melbourne to Lord John Russell, 29 December 1838
49. Richard Cobden to William Tait, 9 January 1839
50. Minutes of Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, 2 & 16 January 1839; ‘Abolition of the Corn Laws’
51. Lord Melbourne to Lord John Russell, 18 & 20 January 1839
52. ‘The Corn Laws and the Chartists of Birmingham’; ‘The Farce of Petitioning the House’
53. Richard Cobden to Charles Pelham Villiers, 3 March 1839
54. Richard Cobden to John Norton, 5 April 1839
55. Thomas Campbell to Archibald Campbell, 27 September 1839
56. Richard Cobden to Henry Coppock. 12 September 1840
57. Richard Cobden to William Beadon, 19 November 1840 and 24 December 1840
Biography
Bibliography
Index
Volume 2: 1841-1879
Acknowledgements
Editorial Principle
Chronology
General Introduction
Volume 2 Introduction
1. Richard Cobden to John Benjamin Smith, 28 March 1841
2. Extract from Richard Oastler, The Fleet Papers; being Letters to Thomas Thornhill Esquire of Riddlesworth With occasional communications from friends
3. Extract from Thomas Cleghorn (ed.), Journal of Henry Cockburn, being a continuation of the memorials of his time, 1831-1854
4. Richard Cobden to John Benjamin Smith, 2 May 1841
5. Dundee Chamber of Commerce, Baltic Coffee House minute books, 1835-50; Richard Cobden to Alexander Low, and editorial; ‘Borough Election’; ‘Dundee Election’
6. Richard Cobden to Charles Pelham Villiers, 6 September 1841
7. Extract from Edwin Hodder (ed.), The Life and Work of the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury
8. Richard Cobden to Duncan McLaren, 12 March 1842
9. Sir Robert Peel to John Wilson Croker, 27 July & 3 August 1842
10. Richard Cobden to Lord Brougham, 5 August 1842
11. Robert Peel to John Wilson Croker [Extract], 8 August 1842
12. Lord John Russell to Fox Maule, 20 December 1842 and Fox Maule to Lord John Russell, 25 December 1842
13. Lord Palmerston to Lord John Russell, 28 April 1843
14. ‘The Anti-Corn Law League and the Country’
15. Richard Cobden to Duncan McLaren, 1 June 1843
16. Article from Morning Chronicle, 29 September 1843
17. ‘Central Agricultural Protection Society’, and ‘Editorial’ from Essex Standard
18. Extract from R. L. Hill, Toryism and the People, 1832-1846
19. Richard Cobden to Joseph Sturge, 11 March 1845
20. Lord John Russell, Letter to the Electors of the City of London, 22 November 1845
21. Henry Goulburn to Sir Robert Peel, 30 November 1845
22. Extract from Thomas Cleghorn (ed.), Journal of Henry Cockburn, being a continuation of the memorials of his time, 1831-1854
23. Sir James Graham to Lord John Russell, 12 December 1845
24. ‘The Corn Laws’ and ‘The Crisis’
25. Lord John Russell to Queen Victoria,16 December 1845, Sir Robert Peel to Queen Victoria, 17 December 1845, and Lord John Russell to Queen Victoria, 20 December 1845
26. ‘The Struggle’, Northern Star and National Trades’ Journal
27. Richard Cobden to John Benjamin Smith, 28 January 1846,
28. Editorial on Lord Grey and Free Trade, Morning Post
29. Extract from R. L. Hill, Toryism and the People, 1832-1846
30. John Wilson Croker to Lord Brougham, 4 & 8 February 1846
31. ‘Mr. C. Greville on the "Education" of Public Men’, Weekly Chronicle
32. ‘Uncalled-for Interference’, Carlisle Journal
33. ‘The Premier’s Anti-Corn Law Crotchet’, Royal Leamington Spa Courier and Warwickshire
34. Henry Negus Burroughes MP to Sir Robert Peel, 27 March 1846
35. Macfie and son, sugar refiners, letter and memorial to Lord John Russell and Viscount Palmerston, 9 May 1846
36. Sir Robert Peel’s Memorandum on the Position of the Corn Laws, 21 June 1846
37. Lord Stanley to John Wilson Croker [Extract], 23 August 1846
38. ‘The Navigation Acts’, Aberdeen Journal
39. ‘Metropolitan Memoranda’, Liverpool Mail; ‘The Journeymen Bakers’, Bath Chronicle & Weekly Gazette
40. Benjamin Disraeli to Lord Stanley, 20 October 1849, with enclosure, Benjamin Disraeli to George Frederick Young, 19 October 1849, and Lord Stanley to Benjamin Disraeli, 25 October 1849
41. Richard Cobden to Lord John Russell, 20 March 1852
42. ‘The Four Political Factions’, Reynolds’s Newspaper
43. Karl Marx, ‘Tories and Whigs’
44. Lord John Russell to Lord Aberdeen, 17 August 1852
45. Lord John Russell to Lord Yarborough, 10 October 1852
46. Extract from R. A. J. Walling (ed.), The Diaries of John Bright
47. Lord Derby to Benjamin Disraeli, 20 June
48. Richard Cobden to Joseph Sturge, 26 August 1853
49. Extract from R. A. J. Walling (ed.), The Diaries of John Bright
50. Charles E. Greville, The Greville Memoirs: a Journal of the Reigns of King George IV, King William IV, and Queen Victoria; George Armistead & Co, David Martin & Co, Allan Edward & Co., Paton & Fleming, Edward Baxter & son & c. to George Duncan MP, 20 October 1854
51. John Bright to Richard Cobden, 16 April 1857
52. Extract from Richard Cobden, Diary in France and Algeria, 1859-61
53. John Bright to Richard Cobden, 5 February 1860
54. Extract from Richard Cobden, Diary in France and Algeria, 1859-61
55. Richard Cobden to John Slagg, 15 February 1862
56. Richard Cobden to Duncan McLaren, 17 March 1863
57. [Lord Salisbury], Review: Art. X. – 1. An Essay on the History of the English Government and Constitution, from the Reign of Henry VII. to the present Time by John Earl Russell. 2. Parliamentary Government considered with reference to Reform by Earl Grey. 3. The Liberal Dilemma. A Letter addressed to the Editor of the ‘Times’ by Charles Buxton, M.P.
58. Richard Cobden to Henry Ashworth, 27 August 1864
59. ‘Reciprocal Free Trade’, Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser
60. ‘Manchester Reciprocity Association’, Standard
61. Lord Granville to Gladstone, 21 September 1871 and Mr. Gladstone to Lord Granville, 23 September 1871
62. Memorandum of Mr. Gladstone, 3-9 October 1871
63. ‘The Revivers of British Industry and Mr. John Bright’, Manchester Evening News
64. ‘The Coventry Protectionists and Mr. Bright, M.P.’, Manchester Weekly Times
65. Extract from John Stuart Mill, Autobiography,
66. ‘The Depressed State of Trade and Reciprocity’, East London Observer, and Tower Hamlets and Borough of Hackney Chronicle; ‘Conference of Conservatives at Blackpool’, Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser
67. J. N., ‘A New Zollverein’ Leamington Spa Courier and Warwickshire Advertiser
68. ‘The Social Science Congress’, Daily News (London); ‘Social Science Congress’, Glasgow Herald
Biography
Bibliography
Index
Volume 3: 1880-1914
Acknowledgements
Editorial Principle
Chronology
General Introduction
Volume 3 Introduction
1. Extract from W. Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times: laissez faire
2. Editorial on Mr. Wheelhouse’s Parliamentary Motion, Huddersfield Daily Chronicle
3. ‘British Trade with France’, Glasgow Herald
4. H. E. Crum-Ewing to Earl Granville, 29 November 1880, H. E. Crum-Ewing to Joseph Chamberlain, 29 November 1880, Evelyn Ashley to Messrs. Monteith & Kelly, 2 December 1880, Evelyn Ashley to T. D. Hill, 2 December 1880
5. ‘The Sugar Bounties Question. Professor Fawcett, Lord Derby, and Mr. Stewart M. P. on Bounties’
6. ‘Commercial Treaties’, Newcastle Courant
7. Memorial of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. To the Right Honourable Earl Granville, K.G., Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 8 June 1881, in Representations from Chambers of Commerce and other commercial associations relative to the proposed new Commercial Treaty with France and the French tariff.
8. ‘Fair Trade’, North-Eastern Daily Gazette for Middlesborough
9. ‘The Protectionists’ New Departure’, Pall Mall Gazette: An Evening Newspaper and Review
10. Extract from Agatha Ramm (ed.), The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1876-1886
11. ‘Mr. Gladstone and the National Fair Trade League’, Leeds Mercury; Morning Post
12. Samuel Duncan to Winston Churchill, 19 October 1903
13. ‘Fair Trade meeting in the City of London’, Hampshire Advertiser
14. Extracts from Fair-Trade: a Weekly Journal devoted to Industry and Commerce
15. ‘The Government Defeat’, Fair-Trade: a Weekly Journal devoted to Industry and Commerce
16. ‘Fair Trade’, Daily News
17. ‘Election results’, Fair-Trade: a Weekly Journal devoted to Industry and Commerce
18. ‘The Fair Trade Bubble Pricked’, The North-Eastern Daily Gazette for Middlesborough
19. Peripatetic, ‘The National "Fair Trade League"’, Cambridge Independent Press and University Herald
20. Samuel Cunliffe Lister, England’s Folly: a paper read before the Silk Section of the Jubilee Exhibition, at Manchester, 21 October, 1887
21. Extract from ‘Lord R. Churchill on Fair Trade’, Standard
22. Lord Salisbury to George Goschen, 18 November 1887
23. ‘Conservative Conference at Oxford: the Free Trade Question’, Essex Standard
24. ‘John Bright – Past and Present’, Reynolds’s Newspaper
25. Harry Quelch, ‘Protection and Poverty’, Justice
26. Goldwin Smith to Lord Farrer, 22 and 30 June 1892
27. ‘Lord Salisbury’s attitude to Free Trade’, Pall Mall Gazette
28. Extract from F. P. de Labilliere, Federal Britain; or, Unity and Federation of the Empire
29. ‘Mr. Keir Hardie on the Labour Party’, Birmingham Daily Post; ‘Labour Politics’, Reynolds’s Newspaper
30. J. H. Round, ‘The Protectionist Revival’
31. Goldwin Smith to Lord Farrer, 28 July 1896; Lord Farrer to Goldwin Smith, 9 August 1896; Goldwin Smith to Lord Farrer, 22 September 1896
32. Sidney Low, ‘The Decline of Cobdenism’
33. Lawrence C. Tipper to Winston S. Churchill, 3 November 1902 & Lord Dudley to Winston Churchill, 9 November 1902
34. ‘A Tariff League: Important Declarations’, Henley Advertiser
35. J. A. Hobson, ‘The Inner Meaning of Protectionism’
36. Charles Ritchie to Winston Churchill, 1 June 1903 & Lord Hugh Cecil to Winston S. Churchill, 3 June 1903
37. Extract from Beatrice Webb Typescript Diary, 2 January 1901-10 February 1911
38. ‘The Man in the Street and Mr. Chamberlain’ and ‘Our Walking Inquirers’, Daily Mail
39. ‘The Food Taxes in East Anglia’ and ‘Our Walking Inquirers’, Daily Mail
40. Alexander M. Thompson, ‘The Trade Union Congress’; Fred Knee, ‘The Trades Union Congress’
41. George Bernard Shaw, Fabianism and the Fiscal Question: an Alternative Policy
42. ‘Prime Minister’s Manifesto: Address to Stirling Electors: Record of the Late Government’; ‘Free Fooders’ Election Addresses: the bogus cry of Home Rule’; ‘Mr. Loe Strachey on the issue’, Westminster Gazette
43. Lord Lansdowne to Arthur Balfour, 28 January & 4 February 1906
44. J. Bruce Glasier, ‘The Old Toryism’
45. Extract from W. A. S. Hewins, The Apologia of an Imperialist: Forty Years of the Empire Policy
46. Extract from W. A. S. Hewins, The Apologia of an Imperialist: Forty Years of the Empire Policy
47. Editorial, Morning Post
48. J. Keir Hardie, ‘Foreword’ in A. Cobden-Sanderson, Richard Cobden, and the Land of the People
49. Tariff Reform League, ‘Introduction: the Policy of the Tariff Reform League’
50. Extract from Beatrice Webb Typescript Diary, 2 January 1901-10 February 1911.
51. W. A. S. Hewins, ‘Tariff Reform and the Political Situation’
52. ‘What Lancashire Thinks’, Jarrow Express & Tyneside Advertiser
53. ‘No Referendum on Tariff Reform: Mr. Bonar Law on Unionist Policy. The Truth as to Food Duties, Agreement with the Colonies, No Increase in Cost of Living’, London Evening Standard
54. ‘Method and Principle: Tariff Reform League & Edinburgh Policy’, The Globe
55. Letter of ‘Free Trader’, Wiltshire Times and Trowbridge Advertiser
56. ‘Politicians all Patriots’, West London Observer: the County Paper for Middlesex and Surrey, 21 August 1914, vol. 59, no. 3076, p. 6 & 28 August 1914, vol. 59, no. 3077, p. 6
Biography
Bibliography
Index
Biography
Dr. Gordon Bannerman received his Ph.D. from King’s College London in 2005 and has an extensive publication record of books, articles, and reviews. He was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 2015 for his contribution to historical scholarship. Dr. Bannerman has taught British history at the London School of Economics, Dundee University, and King’s College London. He currently teaches The History of Business and Government and Business at the University of Guelph-Humber, Ontario.
