1st Edition
Power System Protection and Relaying Computer-Aided Design Using SCADA Technology
Contents
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Protection Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Philosophy of Power System Protection
1.3. Effects of Faults
1.4. Performance Requirements of Protection System
1.5. Basic Protection Scheme Components
1.6. Protective Relay
1.7. Transducers
1.7.1. Current Transformer
1.7.2. Voltage Transformer
1.7.3. Magnetic Voltage Transformer (VT)
1.7.4. Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT)
1.8. Relay Connection to the Primary System
1.9. CT Error
1.10. Protective Zones
1.10.1. Back-up Protection
1.10.2. Selectivity and Zones of Protection Selectivity
1.11. R-X Diagram
Problems
Chapter 2 Protective Relays
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Data Required for the Relay Setting
2.3. Class of Measuring Relays
2.4. Basic Definitions and Standard Device Numbers
2.4.1. Terms Definitions
2.4.2. Devices Numbers
2.5. Classification of Relays
2.6. Types of Relays
2.6.1. Electromagnetic Relays
2.7. Comparator Relays
2.7.1. Generalized Amplitude Comparator
2.8. Advantages Of Electromechanical Relays
2.9. Solid-State Relays
2.9.1. Solid State Relay Principle of Operation
2.10. Computerized Relay
2.10.1. Digital Relays
2.10.2. Digital Relays Operation
2.10.3. Signal Path for Microprocessor Relays
2.10.4. Digital Relay Construction
2.10.5. Advantages of Digital Relays
2.11. Numerical Relays
2.11.1. Numerical Measurement Treatment
2.11.2. Advantages of Numerical Technology
2.12. Electromagnetic vs. Computerized
Problems
Chapter 3 Protection Systems with SCADA Technology
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Background
3.3. SCADA System and its Levels
3.4. Basics functions of the SCADA systems
3.4.1. Remote Supervision
3.4.2. Remote Control of the Process
3.4.3. Graphic Trends Presentation
3.4.4. Alarm Presentations
3.4.5. Storage of Historical Information
3.5. SCADA Architecture Development
3.6. Security
3.7. Future Implementations
3.8. Hardware Devices
Chapter 4 Faults Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2. Fault Concept
4.3. Types of Faults
4.4. Symmetrical Fault Analysis
4.4.1. Simplified Models of Synchronous Machines for Transient Analysis
4.4.2. Transient Phenomena
4.4.3. Three–Phase Short Circuit – Unloaded Synchronous Machine
4.4.4. Effect of Load Current
4.5. Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis
4.6. Symmetrical Components
4.6.1. Positive-Sequence Components
4.6.2. Negative-Sequence Components
4.6.3. Zero-Sequence Components
4.7. Effect of Symmetrical Components on Impedance
4.8. Phase Shift Δ/Υ Connection Δ/Υ
4.9. Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator
4.9.1. Positive-Sequence Network
4.9.2. Negative-Sequence Network
4.9.3. Zero Sequence
4.10. Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults Using the Method of Symmetrical Component
4.10.1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4.10.2. Line-to-Line Fault
4.10.3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
4.11. Fault Classification
4.12. Assumptions and Simplifications
4.13. Fault Voltage-Amps
4.14. Fault Analysis by the SCADA system
4.15. Measurement of Zero-Sequence Impedance
4.16. Symmetric (Three-Pole) Short Circuit
4.17. Asymmetric Short Circuits
4.17.1. Single-Pole Short Circuit (Earth Fault)
4.17.2. Two-Pole Short Circuit with Earth Fault
4.17.3.Two-Pole Short Circuit without Earth fault
4.18 Earth Faults and Their Compensation.
4.18.1. Earth-Fault Compensation
4.18.2. Earth Fwith an Isolated Neutral Point
4.19. Overcurrent Time Protection
Problems
Chapter 5 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
5.1Introduction
5.2. Load and Fuse Current
5.3. Fuses, Sectionalizes, Reclosers
5.4. ELCB, MCB, and MCCB
5.4.1. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
5.4.2. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
5.4.3. Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
5.5. Construction and Working of a Fuse
5.6. Characteristics of a Fuse
5.6.1. Fuse Current Carrying Capacity
5.6.2. Breaking Capacity
5.6.3. Rated Voltage of Fuse
5.6.4. I2t Value of Fuse
5.6.5. Response Characteristic of a Fuse
5.7. Classification of Fuses
5.8. Types of Fuses
5.8.1. DC Fuses
5.8.2. AC Fuses
5.9. Cartridge Fuses
5.10. D – Type Cartridge Fuse
5.11. HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) Fuse or Link Type Cartridge Fuse
5.12. High Voltage Fuses
5.13. Automotive, Blade Type, and Fuses of Bolted Type
5.14. SMD Fuses (Surface Mount Fuse), Chip, Radial, and Lead Fuses
5.15. Fuse Characteristics
5.15.1. Fuse Type
5.15.2. Rated Currents and Voltages
5.15.3 Conventional Non-Fusing and Fusing Currents
5.15.4. Operating Zone
5.15.5. Breaking capacity
5.15.6. Selectivity 232
5.16. Rewirable Fuses
5.17. Thermal Fuses
5.18. Resettable Fuses
5.19. Uses and Applications of Fuses
5.20. High Voltage Circuit Breakers
5.20.1. Oil Circuit Breakers
5.20.2. SF6 Circuit Breakers
5.20.3. Vacuum Circuit Breakers
5.20.4. Air-Blast Circuit Breakers
5.21. Directional Overcurrent Time Protection
5.22. Testing Direction Recognition
Problems
Chapter 6 Overcurrent Relay
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Overcurrent Relay
6.2.1. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
6.2.2. Definite Time Overcurrent Relay
6.2.3. Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
6.2.4. Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay
6.2.5. Very Inverse Relay
6.2.6. Extremely Inverse Relay
6.2.7. Directional Overcurrent
6.3. Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) and Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)
6.4. Standard Formula for Overcurrent Relay
6.5. Relay Coordination
6.5.1. Primary and Backup Protection
6.5.2. Method of Relay Coordination
6.6. Requirements for Proper Relay Coordination
6.7. Hardware and Software for Overcurrent Relays
6.8.Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection
6.8.1.Under Voltage Test
6.8.2. Overvoltage Test
6.8.3. Hysteresis Test
6.9. Directional Power Protection
6.10. Testing Forward and Reverse Power
6.10.1. Test of Forward Power
6.10.2. Test of Reverse Power
Problems
Chapter 7 Transmission Line Protection
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Distance Relay
7.3. Setting of Distance Relay
7.4. Drawback of Distance Relay
7.5. Parallel Ring Mains
7.6. Impedance, Reactance, and MHO Relay
7.6.1. Impedance Relay Protection Setting Diagram
7.6.2. Reactance Relay Protection Setting Diagram
7.6.3. MHO Relay Protection Setting Diagram
7.7. Fundamentals of Differential Protection Systems
7.8. Directional Overcurrent Relay
7.9. Direction or Phase of the Fault Current
7.10. PROTECTION OF PARALLEL LINES (Parallel operation)
7.11. Minimum Picu-Up Value
7.12. Parametrizing Non-Directional Relays
7.13.Time Overcurrent Relays
7.14. Directional Time Overcurrent Relays
7.15. High-Speed Distance Protection
7.16. Further Settings
7.16.1. Characteristic Data
Problems
Chapter 8 Transformer Protection
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Transformer Functions
8.2.1. Transformer Size
8.2.2. Location and Function
8.2.3. Voltage
8.2.4. Connection and Design
8.3. Faults on Power Transformer
8.4. Main Types of Transformer Protection
8.4.1. Percentage Differential Protection
8.4.2. Overcurrent Protection
8.4.3. Earth Fault and Restricted Earth Fault Protection
8.4.4. Buchholz Relay
8.4.5. Oil Pressure Relief Devices
8.4.6. Oil Temperature (F49)
8.4.7. Winding Temperature (F49)
8.5. Voltage Balance Relay
8.6. Transformer Magnetising Inrush
8.6.1. The Magnitude of Magnetising Inrush Current
8.6.2. Harmonics of Magnetising Inrush Current
8.7. Modelling of Power Transformer Differential Protection
8.7.1. Differential Protection Difficulties
8.8. Percentage Differential Relay Modeling Using MATLAB
8.9. Phasor Model
8.10. Three-Phase-to-Ground Fault at the Loaded Transformer
8.11. Magnetizing Inrush Current
8.12. Three Phases to Ground Fault at the Loaded Transformer
8.13. Phase-to-Ground External Fault at the Loaded Transformer
8.14. Two-Phase-to-Ground Fault at the Loaded Transformer
Problems
Chapter 9 Generator, Motor,and Busbar Protection
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Generator Fault Types
9.2.1. Rotor Protection
9.2.2. Unbalanced Loading
9.2.3. Overload Protection
9.2.4. Overspeed Protection
9.2.5. Overvoltage Protection
9.2.6. Failure or Prime-Mover
9.2.7. Loss of Excitation
9.3. Effects of Generator Bus Faults
9.4. Internal Faults
9.4.1. Differential Protection (Phase Faults)
9.4.2. Differential Protection (Ground Faults)
9.4.3. Field Grounds
9.4.4. Phase Fault Backup Protection
9.4.5. The 95% Stator Earth Fault Protection (64G1)
9.4.6. The 100% Stator Earth Fault Protection (64G2)
9.4.7. Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection (51/27 G)
9.4.8. Low Forward Power Relay (37G)
9.4.9. Reverse Power Relay (32G)
9.4.10. Generator under Frequency Protection (81 G)
9.4.11. Generator Overvoltage Protection (59 G)
9.5. Typical Relay Settings
9.6. Motor Protection
9.6.1. Typical Protective Settings for Motors
9.6.2. Motor Protective Device
9.6.3. Motor Protection by Fuses
9.87Bus Bars Protection
9.7.1. Bus Protection Schemes
9.7.2. Bus Differential Relaying Schemes
Chapter 10 High Impedance Faults
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Characteristics of High Impedance Faults
10.3. HIF's Detection
10.3.1. Feature Extraction
10.3.2. Pattern Recognition (Classification)
10.4. Power Distribution Network
10.5. Source Model
10.6. Power Transformer Model
10.7. Line Model
10.8. Load Model
10.9. Shunt Capacitor Model
10.10. Nonlinear Load Model
10.11. Induction Motor Model
10.12. Fault Model
10.12.1. Symmetrical Fault Model
10.12.2. Line-to-Ground Fault Model
10.12.3. Line-to-Line Fault Model
10.13. Procedural Events Modeling and Techniques
10.14. The Fourier Transform
Problems
Chapter 11 Grounding of Power System
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The Concept of Grounding
11.3. Purposes of System Grounding
11.4. Methods of System-Neutral Grounding
11.4.1. Ungrounded System
11.4.2. Methods of System-Neutral Grounding
11.4.3. Reactance Grounding
11.5. Equivalent-Circuit Representation of Grounding Systems
11.6. Touch and Step Voltages
11.7. Typical Inspection
11.8. Grounding Electrodes
11.9. Grounding Verification Control System
11.10. Soil Measurements
11.10.1. The Soil Model
11.10.2. Soil Characteristics
11.10.3. Wenner Method
11.10.4. Driven Rod Technique
11.11. Resistance of Grounding Systems
11.12. Types of the Electrode Grounding System
11.12.1. Hemispherical Electrode Hidden in Globe
11.12.2. Two Hemispheres Inserted in Earth
11.12.3. Other Simple Grounding Systems
11.13. Measurement of Ground Electrode Resistance
11.13.1. Three Electrode Method
11.13.2. Show up of Potential Method
11.13.3. Theory of the Fall of Potential
11.13.4. Hemispherical Electrodes
11.13.5. Electrical Center Method
Problems
Appendix A: Relay and Circuit Breaker Applications
Bibliography
Index
Biography
Samir I. Abood received his BS and MS from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1996 and 2001, respectively. He earned his PhD in the Electrical and Computer Engineering from Prairie View A&M University. From 1997 to 2001, he worked as an engineer at the University of Technology. From 2001 to 2003, he was a professor at the University of Baghdad and Al-Nahrain University. From 2003 to 2016, he was a Middle Technical University/Baghdad-Iraq professor. He is an electrical and computer engineering professor at Prairie View A&M University in Prairie View. He is the author of 30 papers and 12 books. His main research interests are sustainable power and energy systems, microgrids, power electronics and motor drives, digital PID controllers, digital methods for electrical measurements, digital signal processing, and control systems.
John Fuller is an electrical and computer engineering professor at Prairie View A&M University in Prairie View, Texas. He received a BSEE degree from Prairie View A&M University and a master’s degree and a PhD degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He has researched some funded projects over a 48-year teaching career in higher education. Some of the major projects of his research efforts are hybrid energy systems, stepper motor control, the design and building of a solar-powered car, nuclear survivability and characterization on non-volatile memory devices, nuclear detector/sensor evaluation, and some other electrical and computer-related projects. Dr. Fuller is presently the coordinator of Title III funding to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in developing a solar-powered home. He is also the Center for Big Data Management associate director in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. In addition to teaching and research duties with college-level students, he is also active in the PVAMU summer programs for middle and high school students. Dr. Fuller has also held administrative positions as Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and as interim dean of the College of Engineering at Prairie View A&M University. In 2018, he was recognized as the Texas A&M System Regents Professor.
