Race/Gender/Class/Media Considering Diversity Across Audiences, Content, and Producers

Preface

Chapter 1: Laying a Foundation for Studying Race, Gender, Class, and the Media

Rebecca Ann Lind

Part 1: Audiences

Chapter 2:  Media Effects

2.1 The Social Psychology of Stereotypes and Bias: Implications for Media Audiences

Bradley W. Gorham

2.2 Black Criminality 4.0: The Rise of Fascism and the Utility of Mediated Stereotypes

Travis L Dixon

2.3 Positive Media Psychology: The Role of Uplifting Media in Encouraging Social Good

Mary Beth Oliver, Yansheng Liu, Alex Paloma, and Yilan Guo

2.4 Us, Them, and the Economy: Do Race, Class, and Gender Social Comparisons Influence American Optimism?

Alina Renee Oxendine

2.5 Framing Muslim Women Activists Abroad: Audience Perceptions and the Power of Stereotypes

Meriem Mechehoud

2.6 Body Image and Adolescent Girls’ Selfie Posting, Editing, and Investment

Jennifer Stevens Aubrey and Larissa Terán

2.7 Exploring Relationships Between Gender, Social Media Use, and Young Adults’ Well-Being

Marina Krcmar and Drew P. Cingel

Chapter 3:  Audience Studies

3.1 Race, Gender, Class, and Algorithmic Egg Donation Recruitment

Jessica Zier

3.2 Audience Evaluations of the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Disability in Media

Luda Gogolushko

3.3 Beyond Blackness: Who Should Portray Historical Figures in Black History Films?

Adelaja Oriade

3.4 Framed and Flattened: How Jewish Young Adults Say the News Shapes Their Self-Concept

Ashley Larson, Morgan Butler, and Dina Ibrahim

3.5 All I Really Needed to Know (About Beauty) I Learned by Kindergarten: A Cultivation Analysis

Susannah R. Stern

3.6 The Relevance of Race in Interpreting a TV News Story

Rebecca Ann Lind

3.7 Online Harm: Why Does It Happen and How Do We Stop it?

Daniel Kilvington

Part 2: Content

Chapter 4:  Journalism and Advertising

4.1 "The More You Subtract, the More You Add": Cutting Girls Down to Size in Advertising

Jean Kilbourne

4.2 Where Did The Indians Go?: Marketing Strategies for a Tribal Owned Casino

Becca Gercken

4.3 Framing the Immigration Story

Vanessa de Macedo Higgins Joyce, Elizaveta “Liza” Kalinina, Alexander Tawiah, and Praise Adaeze Chiedozie

4.4 Framing Feminism

Rebecca Ann Lind and Colleen Salo Aravena

4.5 Gender Troubling Journalism

Katharina Kücke

4.6 Race, Gender, and Class in Coverage of Mass Shootings: Evidence from a Decade of National News

Aly Hill, Olivia Webster, and Kevin Coe

4.7 Fairness or Fear?: Media Coverage of Trans, Intersex, and Sex-Tested Female Athletes

Andrew C. Billings and Yifan Wu

4.8 Breaking the Model: Examining the Safe Spaces Provided by Asian American Identity-Focused News Sites

Christopher S. Josey, Tanner Smith, and Julius Matthew Riles

4.9 Representations of Race, Gender, and Class in True Crime Podcasts

Robin Blom

4.10 Ideal Femininity, According to White Christian Women Influencers

Sophia Noor Kiser

Chapter 5:  Film and Television

5.1 You Are What You Eat?  Food as Cultural Capital in The Bear

Sharon Zechowski

5.2 “Ms. Eggy Don’t Play” About Socioeconomic Injustice

Charisse L'Pree Corsbie-Massay, Luvell Anderson, and Chuck Hayward

5.3 Class Is Not Dismissed: Abbott Elementary and Approaches to Inequality

Betsy Pike and Robert Alan Brookey

5.4 Queering Japan: Cultural Normativities in Netflix’s The Boyfriend

Gust A. Yep

5.5  It’s Okay That We Back-Stab Each Other: Cultural Myths Fueling the Battling Female in The Bachelor

Jennifer S. Kramer

5.6 Gender, Power, and Reality TV: Women Entrepreneurs on Shark Tank

Donia Tarek Abdelwahab Mohamed

5.7 Bella’s Choice: Deconstructing Ideology and Power in The Twilight Saga

Leslie A. Grinner

5.8 Shining with Barbie: Latina Representation and Intergenerational Feminism in Barbie

Raisa F. Alvarado and Arthur D. Soto-Vásquez

5.9 If You Know, You Know: Constructing Black Horror Production and Identity in The Blackening

ailish elzy and Kellen Sharp

5.10 Honing Hegemonic Masculinity: A Look at I Love You, Man and Get Hard

Sarah E. Fryett

Chapter 6:  Music, Games, and Digital Media

6.1 Let Me Explain: Translating Black Popular Music on the Dissect Podcast

Derek Blackwell and Gretta Blackwell

6.2 Critiquing the Kendrick–Drake Rap Battle: The Super Bowl 2025 Halftime Show as Political Commentary

Ruth DeFoster and Chelsea Reynolds

6.3 Not Just Jezebel: Black Women, Nicki Minaj, and Sexualized Imagery in Rap Music

Kiana Cox

6.4 Ana Macho’s Archipelago: Toward a Reggaeton Fluido for Puerto Rico

 Christopher Joseph Westgate

6.5 Eminem’s "Love the Way You Lie" and the Normalization of Men’s Violence Against Women

Rachel Alicia Griffin and Joshua D. Phillips

6.6 The Virtual Human: Digital Gender and Race Between Colonialism and Capitalism

Cringuta Irina Pelea

6.7 Queergaming, the Limits of Representation, and Extractive Gameplay in Dragon Age: Inquisition

Aiden James Kosciesza

6.8 Afro-Futures and Perspectives on Black Girlhood in Digital Games

Diamond E. Beverly-Porter

Part 3:  Production

Chapter 7:  Media Industries, AI, and Working in Media

7.1 Is Siri a Little Bit Racist?: Recognizing and Confronting Algorithmic Bias in Digital Media and AI

Michael L. Austin

7.2 Gendered Imaginations: Critical Prompting and Decoding Bias in Text-to-Image Generative AI

Craig Johnson and Nataliia Laba

7.3 Feminism in AI-Generated Images: Diversity, Symbols, and Sexualization Aesthetics

Catherine Bouko

7.4 “Where’s the Conflict in This Game?”: Coyote & Crow, Narrative Gameplay, and the Challenges of Decolonizing Tabletop Roleplaying Games

Amanda L. Alexander

7.5 Modeling “the Other”: How Asian Models Are Expected to Embody their Race In Advertising

Sooyeon Kang

7.6 Journalists’ Gendered Performances of Resilience in Response to Hostility

Kelsey R. Mesmer

7.7  "Never About My Work, Never About My Motivations": Exploring Online Experiences of Women Journalists of Color

Gina M. Masullo and Paromita Pain

7.8 Sights, Sounds and Stories of the Indian Diaspora: A New Browning of American Journalism

Radhika Parameswaran

7.9 Still Counting on Each Other:  Valuing the Voices of Asian American Journalists

George L. Daniels

Chapter 8:  Produsage: The Audience as Producer

8.1 “We Will Eventually Turn It Toxic”: Critical Race Theory, Disinformation, and the Weaponization of an Idea

Bill Yousman

8.2 Cover Women: Uncovering Gender Bias on the Wikipedia Main Page

Núria Ferran Ferrer and Laura Fernández

8.3 The Keef Effect: How Drill Rap Pioneered Creator Culture in the Music Industry

Jabari M. Evans

8.4 #PeakWhiteFeminism: Cultural Appropriation of Social Justice Hashtag Activism

Jessica K. Reeher

8.5 Fat Gender-Diverse Instagram Users’ Self-Representation: Navigating Body Positivity

Mackenzie Edwards

8.6 Finfluencer Feminism: Race, Gender and Instagram Aesthetics

Anna Rohmann

8.7 Arguing Over Images: Native American Mascots and Race

C. Richard King

8.8 Exploring Toxic Conservatism in the Muslim Manosphere

Sabah Firoz Uddin

8.9 Saying the Quiet Thing Out Loud: Antisemitism on Instagram

Rachel E. Silverman

Chapter 9: One More Thing… A Question-Based Resource Guide

Charisse L’Pree Corsbie-Massay

Appendix: Alternative Tables of Contents

Contributors

Index

Biography

Rebecca Ann Lind is Associate Professor Emerita of the Department of Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A former broadcaster and freelance writer, her research interests include race, gender, class, and media, new media studies, media ethics, journalism, and audiences.