Radar Imaging for Maritime Observation

PART I - SAR and ISAR Signal Processing

High Resolution Radars

High Range Resolution

High Cross-Range Resolution

ISAR versus SAR

Received Signal Model

Conclusions

SAR Imaging Introduction

SAR Signal Modeling

SAR Image Formation Techniques

Range Doppler Algorithm

Polar-Format

Omega-K

Back-Projection

Chirp Scaling

Conclusions

ISAR Signal Model

ISAR Image Formation Chain

Image Formation

Time Window Selection

Motion Compensation

Image Contrast Based Autofocus

Image Entropy Based Autofocus

Dominant Scatterer Autofocus

Phase Gradient Autofocus

Image Scaling

ISAR Parameters Setting

Conclusions

Bistatic Geometry and Signal Modeling

Bistatically Equivalent Monostatic Approximation

Bistatic ISAR Image Formation and Point Spread Function

Range Compression

Doppler Image Formation.

Bistatic Distortion: Worst Case.

Bistatic Image Projection Plane and Elective Rotation Vector

Bistatic E_ective Rotation Vector

Cross-Range Unit Vector: Further Analysis

Bistatic Linear Distortion: Further Analysis

B-ISAR in the Presence of Phase Synchronization Errors

Signal Modeling in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

Radial Motion Compensation in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

B-ISAR Image Formation in the Presence

Range Compression

Cross-Range Compression

Comments on the Bistatic PSF in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

Distortion Analysis

Linear Distortions Analysis

Quadratic Distortions Analysis

Cubic Distortions Analysis

Conclusions

Passive Radar Signal Processing Chain

Range Doppler Map Formation

Optimum CAF Calculation via the Batch Algorithm

Batch Algorithm Implementation

Performance Analysis

Passive ISAR Theory

Passive ISAR Signal Processing Chain

P-ISAR Signal Modeling

P-ISAR Imaging

Performances Analysis

Illuminators of Opportunity Analysis DVB-T Case Study

Conclusions

Multi-Channel ISAR Signal Model

System Geometry

Received Signal Modeling

3D InISAR Image Formation Chain

Multi-Channel Autofocusing Technique

Phase Compensation for Squinted Geometry

Multi-Channel CLEAN Technique

Signal Separation

Feature Extraction

3D Image Reconstruction

Joint Estimation of the Angle

Performance Analysis

Scatterers Realignment

Soft Assignment

Performance Indicators

Simulation Results

Simulation Set-Up

Conclusions

Algorithm Description

Pre-Processing: Wavelet Correlator

Detector

S-Detector

W-CFAR

Post-Processing

Experimental Results

Case Study #1

Pre-Processing Results

Detection Results

Case Study #2

Pre-Processing Results

Detection Results

Case Study #3

Pre-Processing Results

Detection Results

Speckle Noise Reduction

Morphologic Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Oil Spill Classification

Self-Similar Random Process Models

Stationary Long-Range and Short- Range Dependence Processes

Long-Range Self-Similar Processes

FARIMA Model Description

FEXP Model Description

Spectral Densities of FARIMA and FEXP Processes

Fractional Parameters Method Description

Estimation of Mean Radial PSD

Estimation of the Fractional Differencing Parameter

Estimation of the ARMA Parameters and FARIMA Model

Estimation of EXP Parameters and FEXP Model

Oil Spill Shape

Data Analysis

ISAR from SAR Processing Chain

Moving Targets Detection

Time-Windowing Enabling

Sub-Image Inversion

Inverse Range Doppler

Inverse Polar Format

Inverse Chirp Scaling

ISAR from SAR: Results

EMISAR Dataset

COSMO SKY-MED: Istanbul Dataset

COSMO SKY-MED: Messina Dataset

COSMO SKY-MED: South Africa Dataset

COSMO SKY-MED Dataset 4: Cooperative Target

First Acquisition

Second Acquisition

Passive Bistatic ISAR Processing Chain

Passive ISAR Results

First Case Study

Second Case Study

Conclusions

System Architecture

System's Signal Processing Chain

Experimental Results

Experimental Set-up Description

Results

Conclusions

Biography

Fabrizio Berizzi received the Electronic Engineering Laurea and PhD degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 1990 and 1994 respectively. He has been a full Professor of the Univ. of Pisa since Nov. 2009. He teaches "Radar techniques", "Signal Theory" at the Univ. of Pisa", and "Digital signal processing" at the Italian Navy Academic. He is a IEEE Senior member since 2006. He has been working on ISAR, SAR and radar systems since 1990. More than 200 papers, three chapters of books and a book on radar imaging have been published. Since 1992 Prof. Berizzi has been involved in several scientific projects as a Principal Investigator funded by Univ. Ministry, Defence Ministry, Italian and European Space Agencies, Industries, Tuscany region, ESA (European Space Agency), European Defense Agency. Prof. FabrizioBerizzi is the vice-director of the (Radar and Surveillance Systems) National Laboratory of CNIT since Dec. 2010.

Marco Martorella received his Laurea degree in Telecommunication Engineering in 1999 (cum laude) and his PhD in Remote Sensing in 2003, both at the University of Pisa. He is now an Associate Professor at the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa where he lectures "Fundamentals of Radar" and "Digital Communications" and an external Professor at the University of Cape Town where he lectures "High Resolution and Imaging Radar" within the "Masters in Radar and Electronic Defence". He is a regular visiting Professor at the University of Adelaide and at the University of Queensland in Australia. He is author of about 150 international journal and conference papers, three book chapters and a book entitled "Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging: Principles, Algorithms and Applications". He has presented several tutorials at international radar conferences and organised a special issue on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar for the Journal of Applied Signal Processing. He is a member of the IET Radar Sonar and Navigation Editorial Board, a senior member of the IEEE and a member of AFCEA. He is also chair of the NATO SET-196 on "Multichannel/Multistatic radar imaging of non-cooperative targets" and co-chair of the NATO ET-093 on "Robust compressive sensing techniques for radar and ESM applications". He has been recipient of the 2008 Italy-Australia Award for young researchers, the 2010 Best Reviewer for the IEEE GRSL and the IEEE 2013 Fred Nathanson Memorial Radar Award. His research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including passive, multichannel, multistatic and polarimetric radar imaging.

Elisa Giusti received the Telecommunication Engineering Laurea (cum laude) and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 2006 and 2010, respectively. She is a researcher at the RaSS(Radar and Surveillance System) National Laboratory of CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications). She has been involved as a researcher in several projects funded by Italian ministries (Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Economic Development, etc.) and European organisations (EDA, ESA) since 2009. She is a co-author of several papers and a book chapter. Her research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including active, passive, bistatic and multistatic, polarimetric radar.

The cutting-edge research results on maritime radar imaging, many of them found by the authors themselves, are summarized in this book…including the only recently developed concepts of bistatic and passive ISAR…. The well-structured texts, supported by the comprehensible application of the underlying mathematics and explanatory illustrations make this book a valuable tool for both, radar engineers and university students.
- Stefan Brisken - Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR Germany

This book addresses, with a very comprehensive and clear approach, one of the most important and promising application fields for radar imaging: the maritime domain. The reader finds here everything needed, from technological and application stand point, for dealing with these complex RADAR systems, the data they produce and the services derived.

-Luca Pietranera - e-GEOS - Italy