4th Edition
Revolution and Its Past Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History
List of Figures
List of Maps
Preface
Notes on Pronunciation
Part 1 From the Heights to the Depths: Challenges to Traditional Chinese Identities, 1780–1901
1 Identities
History and Identity
Associational Identities: Lineages and Families
Associational Identities: Social Connections
Associational Identities: Relations to the "Other"
Spatial Identities: Native Place
Spatial Identities: Village and Marketing Communities
Spatial Identities: Macroregions and Provinces
Suggestions for Further Reading
2 Chinese, Manchus, and Others
Patterns in the Early Qing
Preserving a Manchu Identity
Buying into Chinese Culture
Dealing with the Other
Identity and Change: The Qianlong Emperor in the Late Eighteenth Century
Identity Crisis
Emerging Problems
The Daoguang Emperor
Suggestions for Further Reading
3 The Opium War and the Treaty System: Challenges to Chinese Identity
The Early Western Role
China and the West: Mutual Perceptions
Opium: The Problem and the War
The Unequal Treaty System and Its Impact on Chinese Identity
The Missionary and Cultural Imperialism
Suggestions for Further Reading
4 An Age of Rebellion: Defiance of and Commitments to Traditional Chinese Identities
Traditional Rebellions
The Taiping War (1851–1864): Attempting to Revolutionize Identity
The Rebellion Takes Shape
The Taiping Revolution
Guerrilla Warfare: The Nian Rebellion (1853–1868)
Muslims versus Chinese: Clashes in Ethnic Identity
Suggestions for Further Reading
5 Crises and Choices
Unwilling to Change (or Holding on to That Old-Time Identity)
Self-Strengthening
Famine Relief, Factionalism, and Self-Strengthening
Women and Famine
The Loss of Tributary States: The Liuqius, Korea, and Vietnam
The War with France and the Impact of Self-Strengthening
Identity and Perception: The Roles of the Empress Dowager Suggestions for Further Reading
6 The Devastating Nineties: Destroying Traditional Identities
Ideology for Change: Kang Youwei’s Intellectual Bomb
Political and Cultural Earthquake: Defeat by the "Dwarf People"
A New Phase of Imperialism: Carving the Melon
The Reform Movement and the Hundred Days: Clashing Identities
The Boxer Catastrophe: Which Identity Now?
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 2 "No Checking the Tides of Change": Reconstructing Social, Cultural, and Political Identity, 1901–1928
7 Revolutionaries: Manchu and Anti-Manchu
The Stirrings of a New China in Macroregional Cores
The Manchu Reform Movement: Education
The Manchu Reform Movement: Military Change
The Manchu Reform Movement: Constitutionalism
The Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement
The 1911 Revolution
Suggestions for Further Reading
8 Selecting Identities: The Early Republic
Legacies of the Revolution: The Power of Yuan Shikai
Women’s Suffrage amid Confucian Parameters
Capitalists to the Fore
The Power of the Gun
China Totters on the World Stage
Suggestions for Further Reading
9 Constructing a New Cultural Identity: The May Fourth Movement
Destroying the Confucian Straitjacket: Targeting Women and the Family
Language and Laboratories for a New Culture
The May Fourth Incident and Its Aftermath
Political Change First; Cultural Change Will Follow
Cultural Change First; Political Change Will Follow
Neotraditionalism
The Historical Significance of the May Fourth Movement
Suggestions for Further Reading
10 Drawing the Sword of Opposition: Identity Increasingly Politicized
The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party
Giving the Guomindang a New Identity
Things Fall Apart: Sun’s Death and the May 30th Movement
The Beginning of Mass Mobilization
The Emergence of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 3 Revolution and Identity: Social Revolution and the Power of Tradition, 1928–1960
11 Revolution in Retreat: The Nanjing Decade
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi): The Man and His Power
Military Power, Party Factionalism, and Residual Warlordism
Secrets of Chiang’s Ability to Retain Power
Chiang’s Record
Agriculture: The World of the Chinese Farmer and His Wife
Suggestions for Further Reading
12 Revolution Reborn: The Communists in the 1930s
The Party: "So Widely Scattered and So Badly Mauled"
Finding Its Way: The Party’s Factions
The Jiangxi Soviet
Land Reform (Actually, Land "Revolution")
The Other Soviets
The Long March
Women on the Long March
Which Political Roads to Take?
Building the Base at Yan’an
Suggestions for Further Reading
13 A Rising Clash of National Identities: China and Japan, The 1920s and 1930s
A Case of Mistaken Identity
Japanese Aggression Turns Manchuria into Manchukuo
Japanese Aggression on the March
The Xi’an Incident
Marco Polo Bridge
Suggestions for Further Reading
14 The Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1945
The War’s General Course: An Overview
In the North: The Transportation War
Putting the Heat on Chiang: The Situation in Central China, 1939-1942
The Ichigo Offensive (April-December 1944)
The Exodus
Soldiers and the Military
Collaboration
Wartime Propaganda
The United States and China in Wartime: Rough Sledding
The Communists in Yan’an, 1942–1945
Wartime Guomindang China
Suggestions for Further Reading
15 Toward Daybreak: Struggling for China’s Identity, 1945–1949
The Situation at War’s End
Economic Suicide
Political Disaster
Military Struggle
Did Chiang Lose the War or Did Mao Win the War?
Japan’s Colony, Taiwan
Guomindang Relations with the Taiwanese: February 1947 and Its Impact
Suggestions for Further Reading
16 Paths to the Future
The Structure of the Communist Party-State
The East Is Red: Hallmarks of the Communist Revolution
At War with the United Nations: The Korean War
The First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957)
The Taiwan Model: Authoritarianism and Reform
The Taiwan "Miracle"
Suggestions for Further Reading
17 Coming Unglued
"Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom!" (Then Cut Them Down)
The Great Leap Forward (and Backward)
The Worst Famine in History
The Sino–Soviet Split
Crack-Up
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 4 From "Politics in Command" to the Glory of Getting Rich: Contemporary Change and Identity, 1961–2018
18 Death Dance: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Why?
The Violently Radical Red Guard Phase, 1966–1969
The Mystery of Lin Biao
The Year of the Dragon
Mao in Retrospect
Suggestions for Further Reading
19 Reforms and Reactions, 1978-1995
Opening the Window to the World
Economic Reforms on the Home Front
Political Authoritarianism
The Democracy Movement ("Beijing Spring," 1989)
Government Action in Dealing with the Impacts of Reforms
Suggestions for Further Reading
20 The Economic Miracle and Its Shadows, 1992–2018
The Jiang and Hu Years: Economic Reforms and Political Change
Broad Ramifications of the Reforms
Corruption
Anti-Corruption Policies as Tools against Opposing Factions
Environmental Crises
Suggestions for Further Reading
21 Whither China? 2008–2018
Human Rights
Liu Xiaobo and Charter 08
The Rule of General Secretary Xi Jinping (2012–?)
The Internet
The Roles and Status of Women in the Era of Reform
The Specter of Mao
Suggestions for Further Reading
22 Nationalism and Globalization
The Evolution of Chinese Domestic and Foreign Policies, 1985–2018
Globalization, The Unfolding Drama
The Belt and Road Initiative
Building Bases in Africa and Latin America
Globalization and Soft Power
The South China Sea Controversy
Trouble in the East China Sea
Dealing with World Regions
Internal Others: Tibet Autonomous Region
Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region
23 A Question of Identity: The Republic of China on Taiwan since the 1970s
Birth of a Democracy
The Elephant in the Room: Taiwan’s Relationship with China
The Remarkable Election and Barren Presidency of Chen Shui-bian
The Kuomintang Returns: The One-Note Presidency of MA Hing-jeou
The First Female President, the DPP’s Tsai Ingwen
The Changing Face of the Economy and Related Issues
Diplomacy: Seeking Respect
Society in Flux
Women and Gender Roles
Whither Taiwan?: A Choice of Identity?
Pronunciation Guide
Index
Biography
R. Keith Schoppa is Professor Emeritus at Loyola University Maryland in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. From 1998 to 2014, he served as the Doehler Chair in Asian History. His research focused on the political, social, and cultural history of the first half of the twentieth century. His major research works include Chinese Elites and Political Change (1982); Xiang Lake—Nine Centuries of Chinese Life (1989); Blood Road (1995), for which he won the Association for Asian Studies Levenson Award; and In a Sea of Bitterness (2011).
