Contents
Lists of figures
List of tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter one. Event Hazard and Risk Management: Regulations and Legislation
Chapter Objectives
Duty of Care
ALARP - Managing hazard to a level that is ‘as low as reasonably practicable’
Occupational Health and Safety
Defining occupational health and safety (OH&S)
Workplace Health and Safety Responsibilities
Persons Conducting a Business or Undertaking
Consultation
Definition of Worker
Other Persons at an Event
Laws, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Regulations - Prescriptive standards
Performance-based standards
Process standards
Codes of practice
Administration of Legislation
Inspections
Notification
Waivers
Manage the Risk.
Transfer the Risk.
Process
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter two. Event Safety Management System (ESMS)
Chapter Objectives
Event safety policy
Organisational Structure and Allocation of Responsibilities
Health and safety officer
Partnerships
Multi-Agency Teamwork
Implementing a Safety Planning Process
Hazard and Risk Management Process
Hazard Management Definitions
Hazard Evaluation
Establish the Context
The main steps in identifying hazardous conditions
Checklists
Evaluation of Hazards
Software
Control of Hazards
Protocols
Public
Specific
Comprehensive
Monitoring and evaluation
Monitor and Review
Information management
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter three. Understanding Crowd Disasters
Chapter Objectives
Death and Injury in Crowds at Festivals and Events
Crowd Crush
Crowd Turbulence or Crowd Quake
Defining Crowds
One Crowd or Many
Crowd Behaviour theory
Crowding Perception
Place Scripts (habitual behaviour in a place)
Crowd Behaviour in an Emergency
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter four. Crowd Management Planning
Chapter Objectives
Managing Crowds
Crowd Management or Crowd Control
Planning and Preparation
Good practice manuals for crowd management planning
What If...? Simulation Modelling
Modelling Techniques
Various Models for Simulating Crowd Behaviours
Evacuation Simulation Software
‘What If’ Exercises
DIM-ICE Model
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter five. Space and Flow in Public Areas
Chapter Objectives
Space
Density & Movement
Crowd Flow
Crowd Processing
Early opening and delayed closing
Ticketing
Queueing theory
Flow charts
Crowd Monitoring & Control
Crowd Characteristics
Crowd Control Staff
Assessing required staff numbers
Stewarding and Ushering
Crowd Monitoring Tasks
Monitoring Points
Closed circuit television (CCTV)
Post Event Dispersal of the Crowd
Staff Crowd Management Training
Communicating with the Crowd
Pre-event communication
During the Event
Communication Messages
Site Administration office – Communications Centre.
On site communication systems
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter six. Safe Site Design
Chapter Objectives
Estimates of Audience Numbers
Site and Venue Safety Evaluation
Pre-event Inspection
Environmental hazards
Swimming and Water Areas
Site Layout and Design
Separation issues
Crowd/ Traffic -related issues
Access Entry
Emergency Services Access
Street and Unconfined Events
Site Maps
Creating the Site Map
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Vehicle Traffic Management
Crowd/ Traffic –separation related issues
Parking
Secure Parking
Traffic and parking controls
Public transport
Event signage
Entrances and Perimeters
Barriers and Fences
Entrances and Exits
Internal site movement control
Stairways, gangways and ramps
Auditorium
Seating
Location of stages
Accommodating special needs
Facilities and Stalls.
Restricted areas
Backstage
Green Room
Stage
On Site Facilities and Services
Site Lighting and Power Requirements
Power supply
Stages, Platforms, and Other Performance Facilities
Temporary Structures
Doors and windows
Seating
Loading
Toilet facilities
Food Vendors and Staff Toilets
Maintenance
Campgrounds
Water
Waste Management
Litter management
On Site First Aid - Emergency Medical Aid
Medical Teams
First Aid Facilities
Ambulance services
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter seven. Site Management - Production and Operational Work Practice Hazards
Chapter Objectives
Production - overseeing and co-ordinating the site/venue set-up
Site Construction Scheduling
Production Scheduling
Schedule of resource supply
Site Construction
Precinct control
Sub-contractor management
Safety Monitoring
Weather Impacts
On Site Operations & Facility Control
Site Operations
Immediate Pre opening activities
Supervision of the event operation and venue services
Compliance
On Site Staff Communications
Overseeing of the event breakdown
Safe Work Practices and Equipment Use
Violence
Assessing the risk
Controlling the risk
Response to violent incidents
Stress
Identifying stress
Assessing the risk
Controlling the risk
Ergonomics
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Performance Area and Stage Safety
Hazardous Equipment
Registration, licensing, certification, permit to work
Hazard identification and assessment process
Overseeing equipment use work processes
Common types of controls associated with equipment.
Stop work
Key information transfer and feedback
Staging Equipment
Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
Control
Fireworks and flares
Fire safety
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter eight. Food, Alcohol and Drugs
Chapter Objectives
Food
Food Vans or Stalls
Refuse Disposal
Hand Washing
Food Supplies
Food Handling
Thawing, Cooking, Heating and Cooling
Cleaning and Sanitising
Chemical Storage
Food Storage - Temperature Control
Food Handling Staff Considerations
Gas Cylinders
Other stall holders
Tattooing and Body Piercing
Alcohol and Drug Use at Festivals
Safe Partying
Adverse Health and Social Effects
Implementing strategies to assist guests to drink responsibly
Responsible service of alcohol
Staff
Alcohol-free events
Selling Alcohol
Time
Designated area
Wristbanding
Food
Signage
Monitoring guests for intoxication
Refusing to serve alcohol to intoxicated guests
Removal of patrons from licensed premises
Assisted Removals
Other considerations
On Site Breathalyzers
Illicit Drugs
Mixing Alcohol and Drugs
Overdoses
Pill Testing
Support for testing
Arguments against testing
Water
Chill Out Space
Health Promotion
Infection Control and Personal Hygiene Issues
Sexual assault at music festivals
Offensive Behaviour
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter nine. Security and Law Enforcement On-Site
Chapter Objectives
Police
General security staff
Screening and Patrolling
Briefing
Security Procedures
Passes
Media Passes
Temporary Passes
Searching of persons entering the event
Bag Checks
Body searches
Warning notices
Confiscated items
Staff
Selecting a security contractor
Security Screening of Staff
Controls
Pre-employment Screening
Pre-employment checks
Identity
Qualifications and employment history
Employment checks
Criminal convictions
Security checks for contractor staff
Performer, Celebrity and VIP security
Shared Responsibilities
Liaison with VIP security
Celebrity behaviour
High profile events
Enhanced Security Provision at High Profile Events
Extra measures to be considered
VIP Area Passes
Security passes
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter ten. Counter Terrorism Protective Security
Chapter Objectives
Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Major Events
Managing the Terrorism Risks
Protective Measures
Step One: Identify the threats.
Step Two: Protecting and identifying vulnerabilities.
Step Three: Identify measures to reduce risk
Step Four: Review security measures and rehearse and review security and contingency plans.
Threat Levels
Response Levels
Security Planning
Creating the Security Plan
Staff Security awareness
Improvised explosive devices
Explosive effects of a bomb
Causes of fatalities, injuries and damage from blasts
Controls
Protocols applicable to most incidents
Site search
Bomb Threat
Suicide Bomb Attacks
Controls
Firearm Attacks
Controls
Staff Protocols for a firearms / weapons incident
Police response
Protected Spaces
Open air events
Suspicious Deliveries
Chemical, biological or radiological material attacks
Heavy vehicle attacks
Hostile Reconnaissance
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter eleven. Emergency Response
Chapter Objectives
Cancelling the Event
Suspending or re-scheduling
Cancellation process
Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
Documented procedures
Staff
Transition considerations
Emergency power
Emergency Communications Systems
Informing the public of an emergency
Staff communications during an emergency
Emergency Communications Planning
Interagency communications
Use of Social Media
Protocols for responding to an emergency
Emergency Grab Bags
Evacuation
Planning
Decision to evacuate
Delayed warnings
Instructions to the public
Warning Interpretation
Information and Instruction
Crowd Behaviours in Emergencies
Evacuation guidance
Emergency Signs
Leadership
Evacuation Assembly Areas
Actions within the assembly area
Post-emergency recovery phase
When to re-open the venue
Staff training
Emergency Drills
Equipment Testing
Summary
References and Bibliography
Chapter twelve. Incident Reporting & Investigation
Chapter Objectives
Incident Investigation Processes
Incident protocols
Investigations
Gathering information
Investigating the Incident Cause
Causal analysis tree model of an investigation
Incident Report
Post Event Hazard Control Review and Report
Recording issues
Debriefing
Revising plans and procedures
Appendix
Case Studies
Index
Biography
Peter Wynn-Moylan is a Lecturer on Special Events and Conventions Management at the School of Business and Tourism, Southern Cross University, Australia. He has had a 40-year career in event management covering all aspects of the industry.
This book is an immensely readable and highly practical guide to the increasingly important topic of event hazard and risk management. It contains a wealth of information and ideas, protocols and policies, seamlessly combining theory and best practice. It will be an invaluable guide for event practitioners and an excellent overview of the subject for events management students and academics.
Tony Rogers, Managing Director, Tony Rogers Conference & Event Services, United Kingdom
This is an excellent book. The author writes in a clear and precise style. He touches on numerous areas that must be of importance for anyone doing event risk management. The book covers a wide range of topics from terrorism to crime, from suicide attacks to protecting open spaces. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in this field. It is an asset to both the practitioner and to the scholar.
Peter Tarlow, President and Founder, Tourism & More, United States of America
