Safety by Design Human-Centered Approaches to AI, Automation, and Remote Operations

Part 1: Defining Human-Centred Approaches in an Environment of Automation, AI, and Remote
1. Designing for the Night Watch: Human Factors Challenges on Modern Ship Bridges
Ole Andreas Alsos and Frøy Birte Bjørneseth
2. How to Engineer Meaningful Human Control in Digitalisation, Automation/AI, and Remote
Stig Ole Johnsen and Jooyoung Park

Part 2: Design Process to Address Challenges of Automation, AI, and Remote
3. Integration of Human Factors into Engineering Processes for Flight Deck Design and Certification of Large Aeroplanes: Opportunities and Challenges
Sonja Biede-Straussberger and Gernot Konrad
4. User-Centred Design in Critical Operations: Every Second Counts
Stein Helgar and Nick Grigg
5. Human-Centred Design for Autonomy in Remote Ferry Operation
Jooyoung Park
6. Designing for Safety in Multi-Unit Operation: Insights from Conceptual Design in Petroleum
Maren Helene Rø Eitrheim, Lars Hurlen, and Vidar Hepsø
7. Abstracting Lessons from Remotely Managed Incidents to Inform Road Safety Policy for Automated Traffic
Ross O. Phillips, Rune Elvik, and Tor-Olav Nævestad

Part 3: Key Techniques for Designing for Safety and HF in Emergent Environments
8. The Development of a Remote Operation Centre: Addressing Human Factors When Designing for Autonomous Ship Operations – in ROC
Jon Bernhard Høstmark
9. Human Factors, Safety, and Technology in the High Arctic Context, Svalbard
Gunhild Birgitte Sætren
10. Safety-Critical Task Analysis in Automation and Remote Operations
Marius Fernander
11. Situation Awareness in Aviation: An Ecological Approach to Support Human Operators at Different Levels of Automation
Max Mulder, Clark Borst, and Marinus M. (René) van Paassen
12. Alarm Management: Towards a Human-Centred Approach
Houda Briwa, Maria Chiara Leva, Stig Ole Johnsen, and Anders L. Madsen

Part 4: Workload Assessment and Training
13. Workload Assessment for Modern Industrial Systems
Gerald Matthews, Dual Herzog, and Jinchao Lin
14. Subjective Workload Assessment: Understanding and Applying the NASA-TLX in Safety-Critical Work
Martin Rasmussen Skogstad
15. Training and Assessment during Digitalisation
Salman Nazir

Part 5: Learning from Practice and Accidents
16. Learning from Normal Work
Piotr Cichowicz and Marcin Nazaruk
17. A Structured Approach to Identifying Human Factors in Accident Investigations
Stig Winge, Stine Skaufel Kilskar, and Stig Ole Johnsen
18. Evolution of Human Factors Standards: Challenges from Robotics and Automation
Jonathan Earthy

Part 6: Concluding Chapter: Safety and Efficiency in Automation, AI, and Remote
19. Safety and Efficiency in Automation, AI, and Remote Operations: Verification, Validation, and Systematic Safety Management through Human-Centred Engineering
Stig Ole Johnsen and Frøy Birte Bjørneseth

Biography

Frøy Birte Bjørneseth is an Associate Professor in Human Factors in the Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Ålesund, Norway. She holds a PhD in Computer Science, with a focus on human–machine interaction and human factors in the maritime environment. She is also a Principal Engineer in Human Factors with 18 years of experience at Rolls-Royce Marine (now Kongsberg Maritime AS), a worldwide supplier of maritime equipment. Dr. Bjørneseth’s research focuses on human factors in maritime operations, with a primary focus on safety-critical applications and a holistic, human-centered design approach in operational environments. Her approach emphasizes usability, safety, and operational insight, contributing to the development of human-centered maritime technologies.

Stig Ole Johnsen is a Senior Safety Scientist, Lecturer at NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) and NORD University in Norway. He holds a PhD and a Master’s degree in Technology Management and Science. His research focuses on safety science, human factors, and design in critical systems, with expertise in remote operations, automation, and AI in safety-critical environments. Dr. Johnsen leads the Human Factors in Control network in Norway and has contributed to numerous accident investigations. His work spans multiple industries, including oil and gas, maritime operations, and autonomous systems. He has published extensively on meaningful human control in automation, the verification and validation of safety-critical systems, and human factors in remote operations. His expertise bridges theoretical safety science with practical applications in increasingly automated environments.

Ole Andreas Alsos is a Professor of Interaction Design at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and serves as Head of the Shore Control Lab. He holds an MSc in Computer Science and a PhD in Computer and Information Science from NTNU. Dr. Alsos specializes in human-computer interaction, with a focus on maritime technology, autonomous ships, and the design of shore control centers. His research explores how to enhance situational awareness and safety in maritime operations through innovative interface design. As leader of the Shore Control Lab, he oversees research on autonomous vessel monitoring and control systems, including work with the autonomous ferry prototypes milliAmpere1 and milliAmpere2.

Vidar Hepsø is a Principal Researcher at Equinor Research and Technology and an Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). He earned his PhD in Social Anthropology from NTNU and specializes in integrated and remote operations, as well as human factors in technological environments. At Equinor, Dr. Hepsø serves as Human Factor Integration Lead, focusing on scaling control room solutions and remote operations for offshore wind across Norway, the UK, the US, and Poland. His research examines how new information and communication technologies enable innovative collaborative practices in industrial settings. Dr. Hepsø has published extensively on socio-material practices, information infrastructure development, and digitalization challenges in the energy sector.

Dr. Gunhild B. Sætren is a professor and manager at the Arctic Safety Centre at the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway. She specializes in safety psychology and human factors, with extensive experience in high-risk contexts and a focus on human–machine interaction. She manages the Arctic Safety Centre at the University Centre in Svalbard, overseeing research projects on human performance in extreme environments. She has also been awarded the title of Excellent Teaching Practitioner for her research and teaching in safety psychology, safety management, and human factors over many years. Consequently, she is a highly sought-after lecturer at several universities.