1st Edition
Short-Run SPC for Manufacturing and Quality Professionals
On the manufacturing shop floor, the principle of "value comes from the production of parts rather than charts" crucially applies when using practical statistical process control (SPC). The production worker should need to enter only a sample’s measurements to get immediately actionable information as to whether corrective action (e.g., as defined by a control plan’s reaction plan) is necessary for an out-of-control situation, and should not have to perform any calculations, draw control charts, or use sophisticated statistical software. This book’s key benefit for readers consists of spreadsheet-deployable solutions with all the mathematical precision of a vernier along with the simplicity of a stone ax.
Traditional SPC relies on the assumption that sufficient data are available with which to estimate the process parameters and set suitable control limits. Many practical applications involve, however, short production runs for which no process history is available. There are nonetheless tested and practical control methods such as PRE-Control and short-run SPC that use the product specifications to set appropriate limits. PRE-Control relies solely on the specification limits while short-run SPC starts with the assumption that the process is capable—that is, at least a 4-sigma process, and works from there to set control limits. Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts also can be used for this purpose. Specialized charts can also track multiple part characteristics, and parts with different specifications, simultaneously. This is often useful, for example, where the same tool is engaged in mixed-model production.
Readers will be able to deploy practical and simple control charts for production runs for which no prior history is available and control the processes until enough data accumulate to enable the traditional methods (assuming it ever does). They will be able to track multiple product features with different specifications and also control mixed-model applications in which a tool generates very short runs of parts with different specifications. The methods will not require software beyond readily available spreadsheets, nor will they require specialized tables that are not widely available. Process owners and quality engineers will be able to perform all supporting calculations in Microsoft Excel, and without the need for advanced software.
Preface *
About the Author
Introduction *
Chapter 1. PRE-Control *
Two-Sided Tolerance; Nominal is Best *
Process Qualification *
Process Monitoring *
Go/No-Go Gages *
Producer's and Consumer's Risks *
One-Sided Specification Limits *
One-Sided Specification Limit; More is Better *
One-Sided Specification Limit; Less is Better *
Shop Floor Spreadsheet *
Spreadsheet for Less is Better *
Summary: PRE-Control *
Chapter 2. Introduction to Short Run SPC *
Limitation to Normally-Distributed Processes *
Deviation from Nominal (DNOM) Method; Single Quality Characteristic *
Chart for Process Variation *
Example; Chart for Individuals *
Deployment to the Shop Floor *
Charts for Samples *
Probabilistic Control Limits for Variation *
Standardized Range Chart *
Summary: Short Run SPC, Single Quality Characteristic *
Chapter 3. Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Chart *
CUSUM, EWMA, and Integral Process Control *
Integral Control *
CUSUM *
Tabular CUSUM *
Decision Interval and K *
Tabular CUSUM in Excel *
Tabular CUSUM for Samples *
Cuscore *
CUSUM versus Cuscore *
EWMA Charts *
EWMA for Individuals *
Selection of Method: Traditional SPC, CUSUM, or EWMA? *
Average Run Length, Traditional SPC *
Average Run Length, CUSUM *
Average Run Length, EWMA *
Summary *
Chapter 4. Charts for Multiple Nominals *
Parts with Different Nominals *
Practical Consideration: Number of "Tools" *
Parts with Multiple Characteristics, Same Variation *
Parts with Multiple Characteristics and Different Variations *
Group Charts *
The Group Chart *
Summary *
Chapter 5. Acceptance Control Charts *
Bibliography *
Biography
William A. Levinson, P.E., is the principal of Levinson Productivity Systems, P.C. He is an ASQ Fellow, Certified Quality Engineer, Quality Auditor, Quality Manager, Reliability Engineer, and Six Sigma Black Belt. He holds degrees in chemistry and chemical engineering from Penn State and Cornell Universities, and night school degrees in business administration and applied statistics from Union College, and he has given presentations at the ASQ World Conference, TOC World, and other national conferences on productivity and quality.
Levinson is also the author of several books on quality, productivity, and management. Henry Ford's Lean Vision is a comprehensive overview of the lean manufacturing and organizational management methods that Ford employed to achieve unprecedented bottom-line results, and Beyond the Theory of Constraints describes how Ford's elimination of variation from material transfer and processing times allowed him to come close to running a balanced factory at full capacity. Statistical Process Control for Real-World Applications shows what to do when the process doesn't conform to the traditional bell curve assumption.
