Preface
Part I: Overview
1. Epitaxial Exchange-Bias Systems: From Fundamentals to Future Spin Orbitronics
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
2. Epitaxial Patterning of Thin-Films: Conventional Lithographies and Beyond
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
3. Nanomagnetism and Spin Electronics: Materials, Microstructure and Novel Properties
Kannan M. Krishnan, A. B. Pakhomov, Y. Bao, P. Blomqvist, Y. Chun, M. Gonzales, K. Griffin, X. JI, and B. K. Roberts
4. Cobalt-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites: Fabrication, Fundamentals and Applications
Tianlong Wen and Kannan M. Krishnan
5. Magnetism and Microstructure: Imaging Techniques and Structure-Property Correlations in Information Storage Materials
Kannan M. Krishnan
6. Advances in Nanomagnetism via X-Ray Techniques
G. Srajer, L. H. Lewis, S. D. Bader, A. J. Epstein, C. S. Fadley, E. E. Fullerton, A. Hoffmann, J. B. Kortright, Kannan M. Krishnan, S. A. Majetich, T. S. Rahman, C. A. Ross, M. B. Salamon, I. K. Schuller, T. C. Schulthess, and J. Z. Sun
Part II: Lithography and Fabrication
7. Large-Area Patterning of Sub-100 nm Epitaxial L10 FePt Dots Array via Nanoimprint Lithography
Zheng Li, Wei Zhang, and Kannan M. Krishnan
8. Thermal Nanoimprint Process for High-Temperature Fabrication of Mesoscale Epitaxial Exchange-Biased Metallic Wire Arrays
W. Zhang, D. N. Weiss, and Kannan M. Krishnan
9. Direct Release of Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles Fabricated by Defect-Free Thermal Imprinting
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
10. Nanoimprint-Lithography Patterned Epitaxial Fe Nanowire Arrays with Misaligned Magnetocrystalline and Shape Anisotropies
Wei Zhang, Mark E. Bowden, and Kannan M. Krishnan
11. Sombrero-Shaped Fe3O4 Nanoelements with Tunable Out-of-Plane and In-Plane Magnetization Components Fabricated by Nano-Imprint Lithography
Byung Seok Kwon, Zheng Li, Wei Zhang, and Kannan M. Krishnan
12. Direct Release of Sombrero-Shaped Magnetite Nanoparticles via Nanoimprint Lithography
B. S. Kwon, Z. Li, Kannan M. Krishnan, and W. Zhang
13. Thickness-Dependent Evolution of Magnetization Reversal in Micron-Scale Polycrystalline Fe Rings
Yu-feng Hou and Kannan M. Krishnan
14. Thickness-Dependent Magnetization Reversal Behavior of Lithographic IrMn/Fe Ring Structures
Yu-feng Hou and Kannan M. Krishnan
15. Magnetic Reversal of Ion Beam Patterned Co/Pt Multilayers
Greg J. Kusinski, Kannan M. Krishnan, Gregory Denbeaux, and Gareth Thomas
16. Temperature and Ion Irradiation Dependence of Magnetic Domains and Microstructure in Co/Pt Multilayers
G. J. Kusinski, G. Thomas, G. Denbeaux, Kannan M. Krishnan, and B. D. Terris
17. Magnetic Imaging of Ion-Irradiation Patterned Co/Pt Multilayers Using Complementary Electron and Photon Probes
G. J. Kusinski, Kannan M. Krishnan, G. Denbeaux, G. Thomas, B. D. Terris, and D. Weller
Part III: Exchange-Bias Systems
18. Growth of Exchange-Biased MnPd/Fe Bilayers
P. Blomqvist, Kannan M. Krishnan, and David E. McCready
19. Field and Temperature-Driven Magnetic Reversal of Spin-flop Coupled Epitaxial Fe/MnPd Bilayers
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
20. Spin-Flop Coupling and Rearrangement of Bulk Antiferromagnetic Spins in Epitaxial Exchange-Biased Fe/MnPd/Fe/IrMn Multilayers
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
21. Domain Wall Nucleation in Epitaxial Exchange-Biased Fe/IrMn Bilayers with Highly Misaligned Anisotropies
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
22. Competing Effects of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy and Exchange Bias in Epitaxial Fe/IrMn Bilayers
Wei Zhang, Mark E. Bowden, and Kannan M. Krishnan
23. Competing Anisotropies and Temperature Dependence of Exchange Bias in Co|IrMn Metallic Wire Arrays Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography
Wei Zhang, Dirk N. Weiss, and Kannan M. Krishnan
24. Antiferromagnetic Layer Thickness Dependence of the Magnetization Reversal in the Epitaxial MnPd/Fe Exchange Bias System
Qing-feng Zhan, Wei Zhang, and Kannan M. Krishnan
25. In-Plane Reorientation of Magnetization in Epitaxial Exchange Biased Fe/MnPd Bilayers
Qing-feng Zhan and Kannan M. Krishnan
26. Coupling of Fe and Uncompensated Mn Moments in Exchange-Biased Fe/MnPd
Sebastian Brück, Sebastian Macke, Eberhard Goering, Xiaosong Ji, Qingfeng Zhan, and Kannan M. Krishnan
27. Uncompensated Moments in the MnPd/Fe Exchange Bias System
Sebastian Brück, Gisela Schütz, Eberhard Goering, Xiaosong Ji, and Kannan M. Krishnan
28. Direct Imaging of Asymmetric Magnetization Reversal in Exchange-Biased Fe/MnPd Bilayers by X-Ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy
P. Blomqvist, Kannan M. Krishnan, and H. Ohldag
29. Angular Dependence of Magnetization Reversal Process in Exchange Biased Epitaxial MnPd/Fe Bilayers
Qing-feng Zhan and Kannan M. Krishnan
30. Measuring Exchange Anisotropy in Fe/MnPd Using Inductive Magnetometry
K. J. Kennewell, X. Ji, J. Hu, Kannan M. Krishnan, and R. L. Stamps
31. Exchange Coupling in Nanoscale MnPd/Fe Heterostructures
Peter Blomqvist and Kannan M. Krishnan
32. Magnetization Processes in Exchange-Biased MnPd/Fe Bilayers
P. Blomqvist, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Er. Girt
33. Magnetization Processes in Exchange-Biased MnPd/Fe Bilayers Studied by Polarized Neutron Reflectivity
P. Blomqvist, Kannan M. Krishnan, S. Srinath, and S. G. E. te Velthuis
34. Magnetization Reversal in Exchange Biased IrMn/Fe Ring Arrays
Yu-feng Hou, Qing-feng Zhan, and Kannan M. Krishnan
35. Competing Magnetic Interactions in Perpendicular Exchange-Biased [Co/Pt]y /FeMn Multilayers
Xiaosong Ji and Kannan M. Krishnan
36. Interface Structure and Perpendicular Exchange Bias in (Co/Pt)n/FeMn Multilayers
Xiaosong Ji, Honglyoul Ju, David E. McCready, and Kannan M. Krishnan
37. Asymmetric Magnetic Reversal of Perpendicular Exchange Biased (Co/Pt)5/IrMn Probed by Magnetoresistance and Magnetic Force Microscopy
Xiaosong Ji, Alexandre B. Pakhomov, and Kannan M. Krishnan
38. Exchange Biasing and Interface Structure in MnNi/Fe(Mo) Bilayers
Ning Cheng, Kannan M. Krishnan, E. Girt, R. F. C. Farrow, R. F. Marks, A. Kellock, A. Young, and C. H. A. Huan
39. Exchange Biasing of Permalloy Films by MnxPt1–x: Role of Composition and Microstructure
Kannan M. Krishnan, C. Nelson, C. J. Echer, R. F. C. Farrow, R. F. Marks, and A. J. Kellock
40. Exchange Bias and Blocking Temperature Distribution of Fe-Film/CoO-Nanoparticle Hybrid Bilayers
Wei Zhang and Kannan M. Krishnan
41. Positive Exchange Bias and Upward Magnetic Relaxation in a Fe-film/CoO-Nanoparticle Hybrid System
Wei Zhang, Tianlong Wen, and Kannan M. Krishnan
Part IV: Artificial Spin Ice
42. Configurable Artificial Spin Ice with Site-Specific Local Magnetic Fields 4
Vineeth Mohanan Parakkat, Gavin M. Macauley, Robert L. Stamps, and Kannan M. Krishnan
43. Fabrication of Hybrid Artificial Spin Ice Arrays with Periodic Site-Specific Local Magnetic Fields
Vineeth Mohanan Parakkat and Kannan M. Krishnan
44. Tunable Ground State in Heterostructured Artificial Spin Ice with Exchange Bias
Vineeth Mohanan Parakkat, Kaichen Xie, and Kannan M. Krishnan
Part V: Magnetic Quantum Cellular Automata
45. Highly Stable Signal Propagation in a Consecutively Tuned Nanomagnet Array
Zheng Li and Kannan M. Krishnan
46. Misalignment-Free Signal Propagation in Nanomagnet Arrays and Logic Gates with 45-Clocking Field
Zheng Li, Byung Seok Kwon, and Kannan M. Krishnan
47. A 3-Input all Magnetic Full Adder with Misalignment-Free Clocking Mechanism
Zheng Li and Kannan M. Krishnan
Part VI: Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors/Dielectrics
48. Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Insulating Cobalt Doped Anatase TiO2
K. A. Griffin, A. B. Pakhomov, C. M. Wang, S. M. Heald, and Kannan M. Krishnan
49. Defect-Mediated Ferromagnetism in Insulating Co-Doped Anatase TiO2 Thin Films
K. Griffin Roberts, M. Varela, S. Rashkeev, S. T. Pantelides, S. J. Pennycook, and Kannan M. Krishnan
50. Atomic-Scale Studies of Cobalt Distribution in Co-TiO2 Anatase Thin Films: Processing, Microstructure, and the Origin of Ferromagnetism
K. A. Griffin, M. Varela, S. J. Pennycook, A. B. Pakhomov, and Kannan M. Krishnan
51. Cobalt-Doped Anatase TiO2: A Room Temperature Dilute Magnetic Dielectric Material
K. A. Griffin, A. B. Pakhomov, C. M. Wang, S. M. Heald, and Kannan M. Krishnan
52. Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Cobalt-Doped ZnO on α-Al2O3 Single-Crystal Substrates
A. C. Tuan, J. D. Bryan, A. B. Pakhomov, V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan, D. E. McCready, D. Caspar, M. H. Engelhard, J. W. Rogers, Jr., K. Krishnan, D. R. Gamelin, and S. A. Chambers
53. Studies of Two- and Three-Dimensional ZnO:Co Structures Through Different Synthetic Routes
A. B. Pakhomov, B. K. Roberts, A. Tuan, V. Shutthanandan, D. McCready, S. Thevuthasan, S. A. Chambers, and Kannan M. Krishnan
54. Ferromagnetic Cr-Doped ZnO for Spin Electronics via Magnetron Sputtering
Bradley K. Roberts, Alexandre B. Pakhomov, Vaithiyalingam S. Shutthanandan, and Kannan M. Krishnan
55. Transition from Granular to Dilute Magnetic Semiconducting Multilayers in Ion-Beam-Deposited ZnO/Co
A. B. Pakhomov, Bradley K. Roberts, and Kannan M. Krishnan
56. Surface Scaling of Magnetism in Cr:ZnO Dilute Magnetic Dielectric Thin Films
Bradley K. Roberts, Alexandre B. Pakhomov, Patricia Voll, and Kannan M. Krishnan
57. Effect of Hydrogen Codoping on Magnetic Ordering and Conductivity in Cr:ZnO Thin Films
Bradley K. Roberts, Alexandre B. Pakhomov, and Kannan M. Krishnan
Part VII: Colossal Magnetoresistance and Superconducting Oxides
58. Direct Evidence for Block-by-Block Growth in High-Temperature Superconductor Ultrathin Films
M. Varela, W. Grogger, D. Arias, Z. Sefrioui, C. León, C. Ballesteros, Kannan M. Krishnan, and J. Santamaría
59. Effects of Epitaxial Strain on the Growth Mechanism in YBa2Cu3O7–x Thin Films in YBa2Cu3O7–x/ PrBa2Cu3O7 Superlattices
M. Varela, W. Grogger, D. Arias, Z. Sefrioui, C. León, L. Vazquez, C. Ballesteros, Kannan M. Krishnan, and J. Santamaría
60. High-Resolution and Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy of YBa2Cu3O7–x/ PrBa2Cu3O7 Superlattices
M. Varela, C. Ballesteros, W. Grogger, Kannan M. Krishnan, D. Arias, Z. Sefrioui, C. Leon, and J. Santamari
61. Evidence for O2p Hole-Driven Conductivity in La1–xSrxMnO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) and La0.7Sr0.3MnOz Thin Films
H. L. Ju, H.-C. Sohn, and Kannan M. Krishnan
62. Role of Stoichiometry and Structure in Colossal Magnetoresistive La1–xSrxMn1–yRuyO3 + d
Kannan M. Krishnan and H. L. Ju
63. Evolution of Strain-dependent Transport Properties in Ultrathin La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Films 619
H. L. Ju, Kannan M. Krishnan, and D. Lederman
64. Role of Epitaxy and Polycrystallinity in the Magnetoresistance and
Magnetization of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Thin Films
Kannan M. Krishnan, A. R. Modak, C. A. Lucas, R. Michel, and H. B. Cherry
65. Unusual Substitutional Properties of Ru in the La0.7Sr0.3Mn1–xRuxO3 System
S. Sundar Manoharan, H. L. Ju, and Kannan M. Krishnan
66. High-Resolution Electron Microscopy Study of Strained Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin Films
O. I. Lebedev, G. Van Tendeloo, S. Amelinckx, H. L. Ju, and Kannan M. Krishnan
Part VIII: Metallic Thin Films, Multilayers and Superlattices
67. Scaling of the Interface Roughness in Fe–Cr Superlattices: Self-Affine versus Non-Self-Affine
J. Santamaria, M. E. Gómez, J. L. Vicent, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
68. Quantitative Roughness of Sputtered Fe-Cr Superlattices
M. E. Gómez, J. Santamaria, M. C. Cyrille, E. C. Nelson, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
69. Interfacially Dominated Giant Magnetoresistance in Fe/Cr Superlattices
J. Santamaria, M.-E. Gomez, M.-C. Cyrille, C. Leighton, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
70. Effect of Sputtering Pressure-Induced Roughness on the Microstructure and the Perpendicular Giant Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr Superlattices
M. C. Cyrille, S. Kim, M. E. Gomez, J. Santamaria, C. Leighton, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
71. Enhancement of Perpendicular and Parallel Giant Magnetoresistance with the Number of Bilayers in Fe/Cr Superlattices
M. C. Cyrille, S. Kim, M. E. Gomez, J. Santamaria, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
72. Detailed Structural Analysis of Epitaxial MBE-Grown Fe/Cr Superlattices by X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission-Electron Spectroscopy
M. E. Gómez, J. Santamaria, S. Kim, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ivan K. Schuller
73. Quenching of Giant Magnetoresistance by Interface Roughening and Alloying in Annealed [(NixFe1–x)yAu1–y]/Au Multilayers
R. F. C. Farrow, S. S. P. Parkin, R. F. Marks, Kannan M. Krishnan, and N. Thangaraj
74. Giant Magnetoresistance and Microstructural Characteristics of Epitaxial Fe–Ag and Co–Ag Granular Thin Films
N. Thangaraj, C. Echer, Kannan M. Krishnan, R. F. C. Farrow, R. F. Marks, and S. S. P. Parkin
75. Microstructure and Giant Magnetoresistance in Granular and Multilayer Magnetic Thin Films
N. Thangaraj, Kannan M. Krishnan, and R. F. C. Farrow
Part IX: Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Films and Multilayers
76. Ferromagnetic δ-Mn1–xGax Thin Films with Perpendicular Anisotropy
Kannan M. Krishnan
77. Growth, Structural, and Magnetic Properties of High Coercivity Co/Pt Multilayers
D. Weller, L. Folks, M. Best, E. E. Fullerton, B. D. Terris, G. J. Kusinski, Kannan M. Krishnan, and G. Thomas
78. Magnetic Properties, Structure and Shape-Memory Transitions in Ni–Mn–Ga Thin Films Grown by Ion-Beam Sputtering
Jae-Pyoung Ahn, Ning Cheng, Thomas Lograsso, and Kannan M. Krishnan
79. Magnetic Anisotropy and Its Microstructural Origin in Epitaxially Grown Sm–Co Thin Films
Mohamed Benaissa, Kannan M. Krishnan, Eric E. Fullerton, and J. S. Jiang
80. Magnetic and Physical Microstructure of Fe16N2 Films Grown Epitaxially on Si(001)
M. A. Brewer, C. J. Echer, Kannan M. Krishnan, T. Kobayashi, and A. Nakanishi
81. Domain Structures and Temperature-Dependent Spin Reorientation Transitions in c-Axis Oriented Co–Cr Thin Films
Greg J. Kusinski, Kannan M. Krishnan, Gareth Thomas, and E. C. Nelson
82. Spin Reorientation Transitions in Perpendicularly Exchange-Coupled Thin Films Studied Using Element Specific Imaging
Y. S. Chun, Hendrik Ohldag, and Kannan M. Krishnan
83. Magnetic Anisotropy and Lattice Strain in Co/Pt Multilayers
B. Zhang, Kannan M. Krishnan, C. H. Lee, and R. F. C. Farrow
84. Crystallography of Co/Pt Multilayers and Nanostructures
Bing Zhang, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Robin F.C. Farrow
85. Microstructure and Magnetic Anisotropy of Ultrathin Co/Pt Multilayers Grown on GaAs (111) by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy
N.-H. Cho, Kannan M. Krishnan, C. A. Lucas, and R. F. C. Farrow
86. Twin Formation in Ag Seeded Co/Pt Multilayers Grown on GaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
N.-H. Cho, Kannan M. Krishnan, C. H. Lee, and R. F. C. Farrow
87. Epitaxial Growth and Enhanced Saturation Magnetization of Single Crystal Co1–xCrx Media Suitable for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
Kannan M. Krishnan, T. Takeuchi, Y. Hirayama, and M. Futamoto
88. Magnetism and Magnetization Structure of c-Axis Oriented Single-Crystal Cobalt Films Grown Epitaxially on Rigid Underlayers
Kannan M. Krishnan, T. Takeuchi, D. M. Donnet, and K. Tanahashi
89. Microstructure and Epitaxy of c-Axis Oriented Single Crystal Cobalt Films Grown on Rigid Underlayers
Kannan M. Krishnan, Y. Honda, Y. Hirayama, and M. Futamoto
Part X: Magnetic, Structural, and Compositional Analysis with Electron Probes
90. Magnetism and Microstructure: The Role of Interfaces
Kannan M. Krishnan
91. Electron Holography Study of Remanence States in Exchange-Biased
MnPd/Fe Bilayers Grown Epitaxially on MgO(001)
Jong Seok Jeong, Zentaro Akase, Daisuke Shindo, Qing-feng Zhan, and Kannan M. Krishnan
92. Investigation of Magnetic Structure and Magnetization Process of Yttrium Iron Garnet Film by Lorentz Microscopy and Electron Holography
W. X. Xia, Y. S. Chun, S. Aizawa, K. Yanagisawa, Kannan. M. Krishnan, D. Shindo, and A. Tonomura
93. Coercivity Limits and Mechanism in Nanocomposite Nd–Fe–B Alloys
Er. Girt, Kannan M. Krishnan, G. Thomas, E. Girt, and Z. Altounian
94. Nanocomposite Nd-Rich Nd–Fe–B Alloys: Approaching Ideal Stoner–Wohlfarth Type Behavior
Er. Girt, Kannan M. Krishnan, G. Thomas, and Z. Altounian
95. Approaching the Theoretical Coercivity of Nd2Fe14B: Microstructural Evaluation and Interparticle Interactions
Er. Girt, Kannan M. Krishnan, G. Thomas, Z. Altounian, and M. Dikeakos
96. Evolution of Microstructure, Microchemistry and Coercivity in 2:17 Type Sm–Co Magnets with Heat Treatment
Y. Zhang, W. Tang, G. C. Hadjipanayis, C. Chen, C. Nelson, and K. Krishnan
97. Magnetic Hardening Studies in Sintered Sm(Co,Cux,Fe,Zr)z 2:17 High Temperature Magnets
Yong Zhang, Michelle Corte-Real, George C. Hadjipanayis, Jinfang Liu, Marlin S. Walmer, and Kannan M. Krishnan
98. Microstructure and Composition in Rapidly Quenched NdFeB-Based Hard Magnet Alloys
Tai D. Nguyen, Kannan M. Krishnan, Laura Henderson Lewis, Yimei Zhu, and David O. Welch
99. Domain Structures in Epitaxially Grown Cobalt Thin Films
D. M. Donnet, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Y. Yajima
100. Site Occupancy-Valence Measurements Using Channelling and Related Effects in Microanalysis
Kannan M. Krishnan
101. Crystallographic Site-Occupancy Refinements in Thin-Film Oxides by Channelling-Enhanced Microanalysis
Kannan M. Krishnan, Peter Rez, and Gareth Thomas
102. Site Occupation of Ternary Elements in Sm2 (CoTM)17 Compounds
Kannan M. Krishnan, L. Rabenberg, R. K. Mishra, and G. Thomas
103. Structural and Magnetic Properties of Iron Particles in a Copper Matrix
X. Batlle, C. Echer, Kannan M. Krishnan, B. J. Hattink, and A. Labarta
104. Energy-Filtering TEM at High Magnification: Spatial Resolution and Detection Limits
Werner Grogger, Bernhard Schaffer, Kannan M. Krishnan, and Ferdinand Hofer
105. Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy on the Nanometer Length Scale
Werner Grogger, Maria Varela, Roger Ristau, Bernhard Schaffer, Ferdinand Hofer, and Kannan M. Krishnan
106. Quantitative Measurement of Cr Segregation in Co0.8–xCrxPt0.1B0.1 Recording Media by Scatter Diagram Analysis
Werner Grogger, Kannan M. Krishnan, Roger A. Ristau, Thomas Thomson, Samuel D. Harkness, and Rajiv Ranjan
107. Scatter Diagram Analysis of Cr Segregation in Co–Cr Based Recording Media
Werner Grogger and Kannan M. Krishnan
Biography
Kannan M. Krishnan is professor emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA. He is internationally recognized for his foundational contributions to magnetism and magnetic materials, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials characterization, and biomedical imaging and therapy. His research has led to significant advances in both fundamental science and practical applications, as reflected in his extensive portfolio of high-impact publications and invited lectures. Prof. Krishnan is the author of two authoritative textbooks—Fundamentals and Applications of Magnetic Materials (2016) and Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology (2021)—which are widely used in education and research.
