Dedication
Acknowledgments
About the Author
About the Contributor
Preface
Foreword by John M. Hauth, EdD, ATC
Introduction
Section One: Head
Chapter 1: Cranial Nerve Assessment
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII: Acoustic Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory Nerve
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
Chapter 2: Concussion Grading Scales/Coma Scales
Jill A. Manners, MS, LAT, ATC
Glasgow Coma Scale
Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning
Levels of Consciousness
Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)
American Academy of Neurology Grading Scale
Cantu Concussion Grading Guidelines
Colorado Medical Society Concussion Rating Guidelines
Torg Concussion Grading Guidelines
University of North Carolina Concussion Grading Scale
Chapter 3: Concussion Testing
Jill A. Manners, MS, LAT, ATC
Romberg Test
Tandem Test
Finger-to-Nose Test
Proprioceptive Finger-to-Nose Test
Serial Seven Test
Past-Pointing Test
Neurological Control Test—Upper Extremity
Neurological Control Test—Lower Extremity
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) Test
Chapter 4: Neuropsychological Tests
Computerized Assessments
ImPACT
HeadMinder
CogSport
Pencil-and-Paper Tests
Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC) Test
Trail Making Test
Symbol Digit Modalities Test
Stroop Color and Word Test
Chapter 5: Special Tests for Central Nervous System Involvement
Hoffmann\u2019s Sign
Babinski\u2019s Test
Oppenheim\u2019s Test
Chvostek\u2019s Sign
Weber Test
Rinne Test
Clonus
Decerebrate Posturing
Decorticate Posturing
Section Two: Cervical Spine
Chapter 6: Dermatome Testing
Sensory Testing: Light Touch
Sensory Testing: Sharp-Dull
Sensory Testing: Temperature
Sensory Testing: Two-Point Discrimination
Chapter 7: Myotome Testing
C1 and C2 Myotome Test
C3 Myotome Test
C4 Myotome Test
C5 Myotome Test
C5/C6 Myotome Test: Elbow Flexion
C6 Myotome Test: Wrist Extension
C7 Myotome Test: Elbow Extension
C7 Myotome Test: Wrist Flexion
C7 Myotome Test: Finger Extension
C8 Myotome Test: Finger Flexion
C8 Myotome Test: Thumb Flexion
C8 Myotome Test: Thumb Extension
T1 Myotome Test: Finger Abduction
T1 Myotome Test: Finger Adduction
Chapter 8: Reflex Testing
Biceps Brachii Reflex (C5 Nerve Root) Testing
Brachioradialis Reflex (C6 Nerve Root) Testing
Triceps Reflex (C7 Nerve Root) Testing
Chapter 9: Special Tests for the Cervical Spine
Brachial Plexus Traction Test
Upper Limb Tension Test (ULTT) 1: Median Nerve Bias
ULTT 2: Median, Musculocutaneous, and Axillary Nerve Bias
ULTT 3: Radial Nerve Bias
ULTT 4: Ulnar Nerve Bias
Shoulder Abduction Test
Cervical Compression Test
Spurling\u2019s Test
Cervical Distraction Test
Swallowing Test
Tinel\u2019s Sign
Valsalva\u2019s Maneuver
Section Three: Thoracic Spine
Chapter 10. Dermatome Testing
Chapter 11. Myotome Testing
Section Four: Lumbar Spine
Chapter 12. Dermatome Testing
Chapter 13: Myotome Testing
L1 and L2 Myotome Test
L3 Myotome Test
L4 Myotome Test: Ankle Dorsiflexion
L4 Myotome Test: Ankle Inversion
L5 Myotome Test
S1 Myotome Test: Ankle Plantarflexion
S1 Myotome Test: Ankle Eversion
S2 Myotome Test
Chapter 14: Reflex Testing
Patellar Tendon Reflex (L4 Nerve Root) Testing
Achilles Tendon Reflex (S1 Nerve Root) Testing
Chapter 15: Special Tests for the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Beevor\u2019s Sign
Milgram\u2019s Test
Brudzinski\u2019s Sign
Kernig\u2019s Test
Straight Leg Raise Test
Well Straight Leg Raise Test
Quadrant Test
Slump Test
Bowstring Test
Tension Sign
Sitting Root Test
Prone Knee Bending Test
Valsalva\u2019s Maneuver
Section Five: Upper Extremity
Chapter 16: Peripheral Nerve Pathology of the Upper Extremity
Axillary Nerve
Long Thoracic Nerve Injury
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Fossa Syndrome
Radial Tunnel Syndrome/Supinator Syndrome
Pronator Teres Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tunnel of Guyon Syndrome
Drop Wrist Deformity
Ape Hand Deformity
Bishop\u2019s Hand Deformity
Claw Hand Deformity
Chapter 17: Special Tests for the Upper Extremity
Adson\u2019s Test
Allen\u2019s Test
Military Brace Position
Hyperabduction Syndrome Test
Halstead\u2019s Maneuver
Roo\u2019s Test
Tinel\u2019s Sign at the Elbow
Elbow Flexion Test
Pronator Teres Syndrome Test
Wartenberg\u2019s Sign
Phalen\u2019s Test
Reverse Phalen\u2019s Test
Tinel\u2019s Sign at the Wrist
Carpal Compression Test
Pinch Grip Test
Froment\u2019s Sign
Egawa\u2019s Sign
Wrinkle Test
Ninhydrin Test
Weber\u2019s Two-Point Discrimination Test
Section Six: Lower Extremity
Chapter 18: Peripheral Nerve Pathology of the Lower Extremity
Morton\u2019s Neuroma
Common Fibular Nerve Injury
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Anterior Compartment Syndrome
Piriformis Syndrome
Meralgia Paresthetica
Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment
Chapter 19: Special Tests for the Lower Extremity
Tinel\u2019s Sign for Tarsal Tunnel
Pencil Test
Interdigital Neuroma Test
Duchenne Test
Piriformis Test
Yeoman\u2019s Test
Femoral Nerve Traction Test
Index
Biography
James R. Scifers, DScPT, PT, SCS, LAT, ATC is the founding Program Director for the Western Carolina University Athletic Training Education Program. He also serves as an Associate Professor in the School of Health Sciences and the Department of Physical Therapy at Western Carolina University.
Dr. Scifers received his bachelor of science degree in athletic training from East Stroudsburg University, his master of physical therapy degree from Emory University, and his doctor of science in physical therapy degree from the University of Maryland School of Medicine. He is a North Carolina licensed athletic trainer and physical therapist and holds certification as a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Physical Therapy.
Dr. Scifers has more than 18 years of clinical practice in the professional, collegiate, secondary school, and clinical settings. He has served as Program Director for the Athletic Training Education Programs at Salisbury University and Lock Haven University and also as a professor in the University of Kentucky Department of Physical Therapy.
“By providing students with a clear, concise, and well-illustrated text on neurologic examination techniques, Dr. Scifers has filled an obvious void in the athletic training, physical therapy, and allied health literature. Special Tests for Neurologic Examination is much more than a collection of special tests and examination techniques. The descriptions and figures have been carefully selected and the inclusion of alternate (regional) names for selected techniques minimizes the confusion experienced by students who are often required to master a large number of tests. The publication of this text is both timely and appropriate.”
— John M. Hauth, EdD, ATC, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania"Special Tests for Neurologic Examination by Dr. James R. Scifers is a great text that compiles information about various neurologic examination and evaluation techniques into an easy-to-use guide for students, clinicians, and educators. I highly recommend, Special Tests for Neurologic Examination. This text would be a valuable addition to any athletic training or physical therapy curriculum, as a supplement to larger evaluation texts."
-Jessica Walter, MSEd, ATC, LAT, Cumberland University, Athletic Training & Sports Health Care"The author is applauded for using an evidence-based approach providing data relative to the reliability, sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of many tests. Conditions and special tests are described in an outline format that is easy to follow, and most figures are valuable in identifying the pertinent aspects of the special tests. This text has many excellent chapters that will help one acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for examining a patient with a suspected neurologic disorder."
— Michael Tamburello, PT, PhD, ATC, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, Journal of Athletic Training"It is a valuable resource for experienced clinicians who need a quick guide to cranial nerve testing, concussion testing and grading, and other neurological tests. The overall organization is easy to follow. This is a valuable resource for athletic training students and experienced athletic trainers who see athletes post-concussion. It may serve as a quick reference in the training room or clinic, or as a teaching tool."
— Barbara Jean Billek-Sawhney, PT, EdD, GCS, Slippery Rock University, Doody Enterprise, Inc.
