1st Edition
Surface Active Agents Historical Perspectives and Future Developments
The production and use of surface active agents have seen various evolutions over time, yet rarely, if ever, has this information been collated in one place.
Covering all surfactant classes in a clear and concise style, from their properties and applications to an overview of the evolution of their production processes, this book is a comprehensive overview of the field. It is both a record of important documents and intellectual property as well as a springboard for possible future developments.
Key features:
- Covers both man-made and natural surfactants
- Includes abundant references to production processes and developments of intellectual property
- Provides a complete background to the field of surface active agents today
From producers and formulators of surface active agents to professors and students of raw materials, this book is appropriate for both academic courses and industry professionals.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part I – Natural Surface Active Agents
- Soap, the First Man-Made Surface Active Agent
- Soap-Making Process and Raw Materials
2.1) Oils, Fats, and Fatty Acids
2.2) Alkali
3) Later Soap Developments
4) Naturally Occurring Surface Active Agents
4.1) Introduction
4.2) Saponins
4.3) Bile Acids
4.4) Phospholipids
Part II – The Advent of Synthetic Surface Active Agents
Introduction
5) Amphoteric Surfactants
5.1) Introduction
5.2) Amphoteric Surfactants Production Process and Raw Materials
6) Anionic Surfactants
6.1) Introduction
6.2) Sulphated Oils and Fatty Acids
6.3) Sulphated Alkyl Esters
6.4) Sulphated gGycerol Esters
6.5) Sulphated Amides
6.6) Sulphated Olefins
6.7) Sulphated Fatty Alcohols (Alkyl Sulphates)
6.8) Sulphated Alkyl, Aryl and Alkylaryl Ethers
6.9) Fatty Alcohols Sulphation Process and Raw Materials
6.10) Alkylaryl Sulphonates
6.10.1) Alkyl Naphthalene Sulphonates
6.10.2) Naphthalene Sulphonate-Formaldehyde Condensates
6.10.3) Alkyl Benzene Sulphonates
6.10.4) Alkyl Diphenyl Oxide (Di)Sulphonates
6.11) Alkyl (Paraffin) Sulphonates
6.12) Olefin Sulphonates
6.13) Methyl Esters Sulphonates
6.14) Isethionates
6.15) Dicarboxylic (Sulphosuccinates) and Tricarboxylic Sulphonated Esters
6.16) Sulphonation Process and Raw Materials
6.16.1) Alkylation of an Aromatic Moiety
6.16.2) Sulphation and Sulphonation Agents
6.17) Phosphate Esters
6.18) Surfactants Based on Amino Acids and Proteins Hydrolysates
6.18.1) Acyl Taurates
6.18.2) Acyl Sarcosinates
6.18.3) Acyl Glutamates
6.18.4) Acyl Glycinates
6.18.5) Other Amino Acid Surfactants
6.18.6) Hydrolysed Proteins Surfactants
7) Cationic Surfactants
7.1) Introduction
7.2) Cationic Surfactants Production Processes and Raw Materials
8) Nonionic Surfactants
8.1) Introduction
8.2) Alkoxylation of Fatty Alcohols and Alkyl Phenols
8.3) Fatty Acid Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols and Their Alkoxylated Derivatives
8.3.1) The HLB Concept
8.4) Sorbitan Esters
8.5) Polysorbates
8.6) Alkylpolyglucosides
8.7) Amine Oxides
8.8) Ethoxylated Fatty Amines
8.9) Ethoxylated Methyl Esters
8.10) EO, PO, and EO/PO Homo- and Copolymers
8.11) Ethoxylated Mercaptans
8.12) Nonionic Surfactants Production Process and Raw Materials
8.12.1) Alkylphenols and Alkyl Naphthols
8.12.2) Fatty Alcohols
8.12.2.1) Natural Fatty Alcohols
8.12.2.2) Synthetic Fatty Alcohols
8.12.3) EO
8.12.4) PO
8.12.5) Fatty Acids
8.12.6) Fatty Amines
9) Other Surfactants
9.1) Silicone Surfactants
9.2) Fluorosurfactants
9.3) Acetylenic Surfactants
Part III - Washing and Cleaning Habits
10) Washing Linen and Clothes
11) Body Washing and Personal Hygiene
Biography
Dr. Guido Bognolo has a degree in theoretical chemistry and has spent his professional career working on the technology, applications, marketing, strategy, and business acquisition of surface active agents in multinational chemical companies.He was for many years the managing director of WSA Associates, a company providing consulting services for technology and strategic investments to several companies operating in the field of surface active agents and specialty chemicals. As general secretary of the Confederation of Senior Expert Services (CESES) he executed many consulting missions in the People's Republic of China. He holds a master's degree in business administration from the Solvay Business School of Economics and Management in Brussels. He is the author of several publications on the technology, marketing, and strategy aspects of surface active agents, as well as chapters in reference books.
