The Language of Practical Mathematics in Renaissance Italy A Fifteenth Century Vernacular Didactic Treatise

1. Introduction: text and context

Valentina Ferrari

2. Text and translation

2.1 The manuscript: characteristics

2.2 The manuscript: contents

2.3 Editorial criteria

2.4 The translation

2.5 Abbreviations

2.6 The text: transcription and translation

Valentina Ferrari – Translation by Martin Maiden

3. Linguistic analysis

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Phonology and orthography

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Vowels

3.2.2.1 Stressed vowels

3.2.2.2 Unstressed vowels

3.2.3 Consonants

3.2.3.1 Voicing of intervocalic voiceless consonants

3.2.3.2 Shortening of long consonants

3.2.3.3 Original palatals and affricates

3.2.4 Other phenomena

3.3 Morphology

3.3.1 Nouns and adjectives

3.3.1.1 Number and gender marking

3.3.1.2 Numerative morphology (and remnants of a neuter gender)

3.3.2 Possessive adjectives

3.3.3 Articles

3.3.4 Pronouns

3.3.4.1 The system

3.3.4.2 Clitic pronouns

3.3.5 Demonstratives

3.3.6 Relative and interrogative forms

3.3.7 Verb

3.3.7.1 Inflexional paradigms

3.3.7.2 Conjugation classes

3.3.7.3 Person and number

3.3.7.4 Auxiliary selection

3.4 Syntax

3.3.1 Basic word order

3.3.2 The position of clitics

3.4.2.1 General principles

3.4.2.2 Clitic climbing

3.4.2.3 Clitic clusters (sequences of clitics)

3.4.2.4 Clitic doubling

3.4.3 Position of auxiliary verbs

3.4.4 Position of adverbs

3.5 Negation

3.6 Causatives

3.7 Complementation

3.8 Gerundial subordinate clauses

3.9 Presentative constructions

3.10 Relative constructions

3.11 The structure of comparative and superlative constructions

3.12 Agreement of verb with subject

3.13 Agreement of the past participle

3.14 Use of tenses

3.15 Position of numerals

3.16 Position of determiners

3.17 Anacolutha?

Martin Maiden

4. The Lexicon and Phraseology

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The mathematical language of the libro d’abbaco

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 The language of arithmetic

4.2.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2.2 The system of numbering

4.2.2.3 Addition

4.2.2.4 Subtraction

4.2.2.5 Multiplication

4.2.2.6 Division

4.2.2.7 Operators

4.2.2.8 Expression of the result

4.2.2.9 Exquisire

4.2.3 The language of algebra

4.2.3.1 Introduction

4.2.3.2 The ‘unknown’ and its powers

4.2.3.3 The rule of the double false position and its lexicon

4.2.3.4 The grande guisa

4.2.4 The lexicon of calculations of net weight, gross weight, tare

4.2.5 The language of geometry

4.3 The northern Italo-Romance dialectal lexicon of the libro d’abbaco

4.4 Special uses of two common words: capitolo, mano.

4.5 Units of measurement and currency

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Units of measurement

4.5.3 Units of currency

4.6 Phraseology and discourse

4.6.1 Rhetorical characteristics

4.6.2 Structure of the text

4.6.3 Addressing the reader and giving instructions

Valentina Ferrari

5. Conclusion

Martin Maiden

6. References and bibliographical abbreviations

Biography

Valentina Ferrari is a historical linguist and in particular a historian of the origins of Italian vernaculars. She is currently Research Fellow on a project focusing on the linguistic history of vernacular mathematics in Renaissance Italy: Vernacular Mathematics in the Italian Dialects: A History, funded by the Leverhulme Trust. She is based in the Faculty of Linguistics, Philology, and Phonetics at the University of Oxford. She has published on a variety of topics on lexical, syntactic, and textual aspects of medieval Latin and Romance documents from Italy. She holds a PhD in linguistics from the Scuola Normale Superiore.

Martin Maiden is a Romance linguist with particular interests in Italian and Romanian. Since 1996 he has been Professor of the Romance Languages at Oxford University. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, a Member of Academia Europaea, and a corresponding member of Italy’s Accademia della Crusca. He has been president of the Società internazionale di linguistica e filologia italiana and the Società di linguistica italiana. He is currently president of the Société de linguistique romane. He is the author of A Linguistic History of Italian (1995) and co-editor of the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of the Italian Language.