The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union

1. Introduction
Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal

Part 1: Conceptualising differentiation

Introduction

Jarle Trondal, Benjamin Leruth and Stefan Gänzle

2. Studying differentiated integration: Methods & Data
Marian Burk and Dirk Leuffen

3. On the legitimacy of differentiated integration
Erik Oddvar Eriksen

4. Differentiated (dis)integration beyond Europe: A Comparative Regionalism Approach
Stefan Gänzle and Jens Uwe Wunderlich

5. De facto Differentiation in the European Union: Circumventing Rules, Law, and Rule of Law
Tobias C. Hofelich

6. Constitutive differentiation
John Erik Fossum

7. EU External Differentiated Integration and Compliance: Theoretical and Legal Aspects
Anne Pintsch and Marina Rabinovich

8. From Integration to Fragmegration: Political symbols and the emergence of differentiated European identities
Russell Foster

9. Differentiation and segmentation
Josef Batora and John Erik Fossum

Part 2: Institutionally-based differentiation

Introduction

Jarle Trondal, Stefan Gänzle and Benjamin Leruth

10. An ever more fragmented Union? On the emerging relevance of differentiated integration for governance structures within the EU
Alexander Schilin

11. Promise Unfulfilled? Managing Differentiated Integration in EU Secondary Law Through Enhanced Cooperation
Daniela Kroll

12. Differentiation in the European Parliament: United about diversity?
Guri Rosén

13. Differentiation and the European Central Bank: A bulwark against (differentiated) disintegration?
Daniel Schulz and Amy Verdun

14. Differentiation and the European Commission
Diane Fromage and Cristina Fasone

15. Differentiation and the European Court of Justice
Sabine Saurugger and Fabien Terpan

16. Third country participation in EU agencies: Towards "condominio"?
Sandra Lavenex

17. The Council of the European Union: Organizational and Social Dynamics of Differentiation
Jeff Lewis

Part 3: Policy-based differentiation

Introduction

Stefan Gänzle, Benjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal

18. Differentiated integration in EU energy market policy
Torbjørg Jevnaker

19. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?
Arno van der Zwet, John Connolly, Christopher Huggins and Craig McAngus

20. The European Asylum Policy: Core state powers, flexibility and differentiated integration

Foteini Asderaki and Eleftheria Markozani

21. Differentiated integration in EU climate policy
Elin Lerum Boasson, Merethe Dotterud Leiren and Jørgen Wettestad

22. Differentiated integration in European External Action
Thomas Henökl

23. PESCO: A formula for positive integration in European defence
Steven Blockmans and Dylan Macchiarini Crosson

24. The Increasingly Differentiated European Single Market?
David Howarth

25. Differentiation and social policy: A sustainable way forward?
Benjamin Leruth and Sven Schreurs

26. Differentiation in EU Security and Defense Policy
Stephan Klose, Elie Perot

Part 4: Territorial differentiation

Introduction

Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal

27. The Nordic countries as pioneers of differentiation

Benjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal

28. Risky Advantageous Differentiation: Iceland and the EEA
Baldur Thorhallsson

29. The Swiss and Liechtenstein relations with the EU – an ongoing institutional challenge
Christian Frommelt

30. Turkey’s external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: the case of border management
Ebru Turhan and Ayselin Yildiz

31. Visegrad Four and EU Differentiated Integration: Activities, Perception and Self-Perception after the Refugee Crisis
Petr Kaniok, Vratislav Havlík and Veronika Zapletalová

32. Poland as the (new) awkward partner: Differentiated integration or differentiated disintegration?
Agnieszka Cianciara

33. Trajectories of Differentiated EU Integration for the Western Balkans
Marko Milenkovic

34. European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiated integration beyond the EU’s Eastern and Southern Borders
Zuzana Reptova

35. Differentiation at the local level: An overview of sub-national authority networks in the EU
Pier-Domenico Tortola and Stefan Couperus

Part 5: Brexit

Introduction

Stefan Gänzle, Jarle Trondal and Benjamin Leruth

36. Brexit as a phenomenon: national solidarity as a tool against the European project?
Mikko Kuisma and Matthew Donoghue

37. (Post-)Brexit: Negotiating Differentiated Disintegration
Frank Schimmelfennig

38. International perceptions of Brexit
Johanna Speyer, Natalia Chaban and Arne Niemann

39. Differentiation and Power Asymmetry: How Brexit is Changing UK Relations with Czechia and Slovakia
Monika Brusenbauch Meislová and Andrew Glencross

40. Brexit and Northern Ireland
David Phinnemore

41. Border Conflicts and Territorial Differentiation after Brexit: The cases of Northern Ireland, Gibraltar and the UK Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus
Nikos Skoutaris

42. Growing Apart Together? Brexit and the Dynamics of Differentiated Disintegration in Security and Defense
Benjamin Martill and Monika Sus

43. Conclusion
Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal

Epilogue: Polycrisis and Resilience in the European Union: Covid-19 and avenues for future studies
Marianne Riddervold, Akasemi Newsome and Jarle Trondal

Biography

Benjamin Leruth is an Assistant Professor in European Politics and Society at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Stefan Gänzle is Professor of Political Science and Head of the Department of Political Science and Management and a member of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Agder (UiA), Norway.

Jarle Trondal is a Professor at University of Agder, Department of Political Science and Management, and a Professor at University of Oslo, ARENA Centre for European Studies, Norway.

"Finally! Everything you ever wanted to know about differentiated integration, and then more. Wish I had this comprehensive handbook when I was writing my PhD on the subject in the 1990s. A wealth of well-structured, clear and accessible information on a complex subject."

Alexander Stubb, Professor and Director, EUI, Florence; Former Prime Minister of Finland

"Differentiation is here to stay, and at the latest Brexit has made it clear that differentiation in Europe encompasses both integration and disintegration processes. This is the core message of this timely handbook, which shows the breadth of this phenomenon in detail thanks to an impressive list of contributors. It is an excellent go-to resource for all scholars of European Studies seeking to understand the challenges of ‘unity in diversity’."

Sieglinde Gstöhl, Director of Studies, College of Europe, Belgium

"This handbook is an invaluable resource on differentiation—involving both integration and disintegration—in the Europe Union. Its stellar list of contributors offer a plethora of insights into the many different ways in which the EU has not only differentially integrated with regard to institutions, policy areas and territory, but also dis-integrated, as in the case of Brexit. A must-read for all those concerned with the ins-and-outs of EU integration."

Vivien Schmidt, Jean Monnet Professor, Boston University, United States