1st Edition

The Routledge International Handbook of Himalayan Environments, Development and Wellbeing

Edited By Ben Campbell, Mary Cameron, Tanka B. Subba Copyright 2026
680 Pages 77 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

680 Pages 77 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

Shifting dynamics of peoples, livelihoods and territories, influenced by global warming, require new ways of thinking and new kinds of politics beyond the sovereignties of idealized traditional European nation-states. The Routledge International Handbook of Himalayan Environments, Development and Wellbeing features over 70 scholars from the social sciences, humanities and natural sciences who... Read more

Dedication

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Contributors

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Handbook Introduction

Ben Campbell, Tanka Subba, and Mary Cameron

Part I: Environments

Introduction: Storylines in the Environmental Section's Themes

Ben Campbell

1. Forest Change and Human-Forest Interactions in the Himalaya

Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt and Akash Verma

2. The Role of Historical Ecology to Assess Risks to Livelihood in the Himalayas from Climate Warming

Mark Aldenderfer

3. A Historical Case Study in Women-Led Socio-Ecological Innovation: How Gender and Environment Came to Matter in 15th-Century Tibet (and Now)

Hildegard Diemberger

4. High-Mountain Farming and Interacting Processes of Change in Ladakh Over the Last 30–40 Years: The Case of Hemis-Shukpa-Chan

Pascale Dollfus

5. Digital Infrastructures, Practices and Social Agency on the Trail to Everest

Jolynna Sinanan

6. The Translocal Sherpa from Everest Mountain Region to New York City: Senses of Belonging and Connecting in Migration

Ornella Puschiasis

7. Territories for Protecting a “Pristine Nature”: National Parks in the Himalayas, New Places of Power and Tension

Joëlle Smadja

8. Community Conserved Areas in Northeast India and Their Role in Addressing Human-Wildlife Conflict

Sayan Banerjee and Ambika Aiyadurai

9. An Environment of One’s Choice: Community, Ecology and Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh

Swargajyoti Gohain

10. Living with Landslides in Sindhupalchok: Mapping Local Knowledge and Strategies in the Context of the Federal Decentralizing Era in Nepal

Ramesh Shrestha

11. Commoning, Conservation and Mapping in Garo Hills, Northeast India

Erik de Maaker

12. Marrying Glaciers: Viewing Human-Nature Relationship through the Lens of Political Ecology in the Western Himalayas

Zainab Khalid

13. Mi Mayin (Other-Than-Humans) in the Bhutan Lowlands and Highlands: Agency, Affect, and Annexation

Choeying Seldon and Jelle J.P. Wouters

14. Tracing the Agrarian History of the Sub-Himalayan Forest Frontiers

Fraser Sugden, Suresh Dhakal and Janak Rai

15. Farming Systems, Food Security and Contemporary Climate Issues in Nepal

Sushil Thapa and Keshav Bhattarai

16. Resilience in Shangri-La

Andrea J. Nightingale

17. Himalayan Connections in Lunana and Limi: Baselines for Climate Change Perception in Two "Remote" Communities in Bhutan and Nepal

Riamsara Kuyakanon Knapp

18. Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal: Livelihood, Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge and Practices, and Climate Science

Nani Maiya Sujakhu, Ripu Mardhan Kunwar, Sabita Nepal, Naba Raj Dahal and Gyanendra Karki

19. Jadibuti, Plants and Genetic Resources: Conversations among Ayurveda Practitioners, Conservationists and Plant Scientists on Traditional Medical Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal

Mary Cameron

Part II: Development

The Many Faces of Development: An Introduction
Tanka Subba

20. Development, Displacement, Rehabilitation and Environment in Northeast India
Walter Fernandes

21. Silent Dispossession of Water in Communal Irrigation at the Foothills of the Himalayas
Olivia Aubriot

22. Thulo Maanche: Implications for Development, Equality and Democracy in Nepal
Sascha Fuller

23. In-Between Mobilities: Risks and Uncertainty in Labor Migration from Nepal
Tristan Bruslé

24. Biogas in Nepal: A Socio-Technical Perspective of Energy Innovation
Ben Campbell and Manoj Suji

25. Kisan Dharma: A Worldview for Conservation of Natural Resources and Livelihood Security in Nepal    
Jagannath Adhikari

26. Black Cardamom and Crisis in Hyper-Colonial Kalimpong     
Lewis Beardmore

27. The Assam-Bengal Railways and Socio-Spatial Changes in the Indian Himalayan Region
Madhumita Sengupta

28. “What Road? I Built It Myself on My Way Here”: Roads, Wars and the Infrastructure of Citizenship in the Indian Himalayas
Karine Gagné

29. Building Capacity, Not Infrastructure: Lessons from Hydropower Development in Nepal
Mark Liechty

30. From Yam to Sponge: Recent Controversies around Nepal’s Sovereignty, Territory and Hydropower
Matthäus Rest

31. Dam(n)ed If You Do, Dam(n)ed If You Don’t: Dams, Development and Contestations in Kinnaur, Western Himalayas  
Prashant Negi

32. Rapid Urbanization and Its Consequences: A Case Study of Bharatpur, Nepal 
Hanna A. Ruszczyk

33. Rethinking the Himalayan Megaproject: Rainwater Harvesting and the Decentralized Alternative to Kathmandu’s Urban Resource Crunch  
Georgina Drew, Rajani Maharjan and Alexia Jane Adhikari

34. Modernity, Development and Waste Management in Northeast India 
G. Kanato Chophy

35. Anthropology of State: Images and Practices of Inclusive Governance in Nepal  
Binod Pokhrel

36. Geopolitics over Development in Pakistan’s Karakoram Mountains
Hasan H. Karrar

37. Gender and Sustainable Development in the Himalayas: People, Power and Possibilities
Debarati Sen

38. Women as Neoliberal Development Subjects: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective on Development in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Humera Dinar

Part III: Wellbeing

Orientations: Culture, Place and Wellbeings
Mary Cameron

39. Mental Health Help-Seeking in the Himalaya: Shifting Ecologies of Care in Post-Earthquake Nepal
Liana Chase and Parbati Shrestha

40. Sowa Rigpa and the State in India’s Himalayan Borderlands
Calum Blaikie

41. Kyidug: Pandemic, Food Systems, and Health Ecologies in Dolpo
Phurwa Dondrub Gurung, Logan Emlet and Nyima Gurung

42. Heterogeneity of Institutionalizing Sowa Rigpa Education in Nepal Himalaya
Arjun Chapagain and June Wang

43. Ayurveda and the Covid-19 Pandemic in Nepal
Bhupendra Nirajan Khaniya

44. Putting People at the Center of Solutions: Embracing Human-Centered Design for Developing Menstrual Health Interventions in Nepal
Sara Baumann, Bhimsen Devkota, Mary Hawk and Jessica Burke

45. Living Homes among the Raji and Raute of Nepal
Jana Fortier

46. The Truths of Dispossession in the Western Himalaya
Kriti Kapila

47. Global Population Politics in Nepal: From a “Small, Happy Family” to a “Smart Life”
Jan Brunson

48. Dalit Wellbeing through Counter Ritual
Steve Folmar

49. Of Ploughmen and Drummers: Dalit Consciousness in Nepali-Language Literature
Michael Hutt

50. Food Intake, Activity Patterns and Nutritional Status Among Nepali Hindu and Buddhist Sherpa Women: A Biocultural Perspective
Chery Smith

51. Nettle Stew and Danger Momos: Himalayan Culinary Innovation from the Diaspora
Premila Tamang

52. Toward Holistic Wellbeing: Gross National Happiness and Alternative Futures in Bhutan
Elizabeth Allison

53. Rethinking Museums in Places of Lived Heritage
Swosti Rajbhandari Kayastha and Stefanie Lotter

54. Seeking Wellbeing through Song: Dohori Singers’ Everyday World-Making
Anna Stirr

Index

Biography

Ben Campbell is Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, Durham University, UK. He traveled in 1976 into Himalayan spaces between Kashmir, Nepal and Darjeeling, starting his research career learning Tamang in Nepal in 1988. He directs an MA program on Sustainability, Energy and Development, and his book about the impact of nature conservation on Indigenous environmental knowledge and practice in a Tamang-speaking community is Living Between Juniper and Palm: Nature, Culture and Power in the Himalayas (2013).

Mary Cameron is a writer and socio-environmental activist whose research in Nepal explores human-nature engagements, Ayurvedic medicine, and gender and caste. From 1992 to 2021, she was Professor of Anthropology, and directed gender studies programs at Florida Atlantic University and Auburn University, USA. She received three Fulbright grants; alumni, leadership and teaching awards; and numerous other grants. She authored Three Fruits: Nepali Ayurvedic Doctors on Health, Nature, and Social Change (2019) and the award-winning On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal (1998).

Tanka B. Subba is Visiting Professor at the Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, and Ombudsperson of Darjeeling Hills University. Earlier, from 2012 to 2017, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Sikkim University. He received such awards as the Homi Bhabha Fellowship (Mumbai), Dr. Panchanan Mitra Lectureship and R.P. Chanda Centenary Medal for 2015 (Asiatic Society, Kolkata), DAAD Guest professorship at the Free University of Berlin, and Baden-Wuerttemberg Fellowship at the South Asian Institute, Heidelberg University. He has authored and edited 18 books and published over 80 articles on various issues related to the Eastern Himalayas.

"The volume is a precious guide for navigating in the complexities of human-environment relationships within the Himalayan range, during the Anthropocene era. It brings together contributions from a remarkable group of scholars to explore social, political, cultural and historical ecologies in light of the recent changes that define this era, particularly with regard to migration, water and forest resources and wellbeing.”

Marie Lecomte-TilouineCNRS Senior Researcher, LAS, Collège de France, Paris

"An excellent regional handbook by a global community of scholars, sharing deep knowledge and deep personal engagement with the Himalayas. The stories told inhabit the spaces between environmental catastrophe narratives and Shangri-la. The approach and frames of reference are innovative, compelling and highly recommended."

Edward Simpson, Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Lancaster University, UK

"In 1989, in The Himalayan Dilemma Ives and Messerli challenged the widely accepted view that Himalayan ecosystems were degrading irreversibly as a result of uncontrolled development. Thirty-five years later the Routledge Handbook of Himalayan Environments, Development and Wellbeing is poised to provide new challenges to thinking about interactions between environment, development and wellbeing in this amazingly diverse region. The nearly sixty chapters include a discussion of what some might consider surprising findings about increasing forest cover in Nepal. They also include rethinking of social and environmental transitions such as urbanisation and transitions to reduced family size. The focus is on complex transitions rather than simplified unilinear change. There are chapters that consider the impacts and opportunities provided by social media and others that look at the synergies between scientific and traditional knowledge systems and much more. The book is deeply interdisciplinary, covers much of the geographic and cultural diversity of the region and defaults in cultural relativism (as one of the editors writes). Anyone with a passion for the Himalayas will find this a challenging and exciting book."

Robert FisherTropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of Sydney

"This collection displays the richness and diversity of scholarship on the Himalayas. It could not be more timely, as climate crisis, economic speculation, and new political alignments force Himalayan peoples to reckon with unprecedented change. Critical scholars from across the social sciences and humanities will surely find it essential reading."

Sarah BeskyProfessor of the Anthropology of Work, ILR School, and Director, South Asia Program, Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University

"This Handbook is a collection of cutting-edge studies exploring how the penetration of the 21st century economy and technology have profoundly disrupted human-environmental relations, the theory and practice of development, and the well-being of the region’s people. A highlight of the book is the ways the authors present the ambiguity of these changes and the range of possible futures. In addition, that half the authors/co-authors of the collection are from the Himalayan region enriches the analyses and expands the interpretations of the topics of the book."

John Metz, Associate Professor, North Kentucky University, USA

"The editors are to be congratulated on bringing together a stellar array of contributions. Every specialist of the region will want to have this collection of vital case studies on their shelves. More importantly, every NGO and government office responsible for, or working in, the region should have it to hand as an indispensable reminder of the sheer diversity of Himalayan people’s experiences of the environment, the state, culture, and wellbeing in a time of rapid climatic change."

David N. Gellner FBA, editor of Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia

"This is an exceptionally valuable collection of essays that sheds critical light on the complex and important reality of the Himalaya region. The interdisciplinary contributions to this handbook effectively challenge reductionist, sensationalist, and orientalist perspectives on the mountains. By focusing on the experiences of people whose lives are entangled in the environment, and who are implicated in development projects from the ground up, this collection provides deep insights on how to look at, but also beyond, crises and catastrophes. To look beyond is to better understand the nature of wellbeing in a place that well reflects the intimate challenges of living in the Anthropocene."

Joseph Alter, Professor of Anthropology and Director, Asian Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh. Author of Yoga in Modern India: The Body between Science and Philosophy

"There is a demographic churning underway across the Himalaya. Variegated lifestyles are being lost even as glaciers retreat, permafrost lets go, groundwater is depleted, hill terraces go fallow, and cultures see a breathless, unprecedented transformation. Breakneck ecological change feeds human bewilderment and distress. Only diverse disciplines and voices can do justice to all that is happening across the 2500 km of the Himalayan arc, which is why this volume is valuable. It helps the world understand the challenges facing societies and ecologies of our mountains."

Kanak M. Dixitjournalist, activist, founding editor of Himal Southasian

"An important resource for thinking about constellations of struggle and hope across the entire Himalayan region, the Handbook invites readers to envision environmental and social transformations as they are known, seen, and felt from a multitude of locations. This collection usefully resists reducing the historical complexity of places and problems into singular stories of crisis and its causes."

Stacy Leigh Pigganthropology professor, Simon Fraser University

"Drawing on the deep scholarly engagement of contributors across the Himalayan region, this first-ever Handbook  of its kind presents fresh insights into environmental change, human resilience, and socio-ecological transformation happening in the region. Embracing post-colonial sensibility and celebrating intellectual diversity, it provides locally grounded and rich accounts of the complex dynamics between environments, communities, and development in one of Earth's most critical zones. The volume offers critical insights into the possibilities for adaptation, transformation, and human well-being in times of rapid socio-environmental change across the region."

Hemant OjhaInstitute for Study and Development Worldwide (IFSD), Australia, and author of 'Climate Risks to Urban Water Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Emerging Responses and Lessons'