1st Edition
The Routledge International Handbook of Himalayan Environments, Development and Wellbeing
Dedication
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Handbook Introduction
Ben Campbell, Tanka Subba, and Mary Cameron
Part I: Environments
Introduction: Storylines in the Environmental Section's Themes
Ben Campbell
1. Forest Change and Human-Forest Interactions in the Himalaya
Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt and Akash Verma
2. The Role of Historical Ecology to Assess Risks to Livelihood in the Himalayas from Climate Warming
Mark Aldenderfer
3. A Historical Case Study in Women-Led Socio-Ecological Innovation: How Gender and Environment Came to Matter in 15th-Century Tibet (and Now)
Hildegard Diemberger
4. High-Mountain Farming and Interacting Processes of Change in Ladakh Over the Last 30–40 Years: The Case of Hemis-Shukpa-Chan
Pascale Dollfus
5. Digital Infrastructures, Practices and Social Agency on the Trail to Everest
Jolynna Sinanan
6. The Translocal Sherpa from Everest Mountain Region to New York City: Senses of Belonging and Connecting in Migration
Ornella Puschiasis
7. Territories for Protecting a “Pristine Nature”: National Parks in the Himalayas, New Places of Power and Tension
Joëlle Smadja
8. Community Conserved Areas in Northeast India and Their Role in Addressing Human-Wildlife Conflict
Sayan Banerjee and Ambika Aiyadurai
9. An Environment of One’s Choice: Community, Ecology and Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh
Swargajyoti Gohain
10. Living with Landslides in Sindhupalchok: Mapping Local Knowledge and Strategies in the Context of the Federal Decentralizing Era in Nepal
Ramesh Shrestha
11. Commoning, Conservation and Mapping in Garo Hills, Northeast India
Erik de Maaker
12. Marrying Glaciers: Viewing Human-Nature Relationship through the Lens of Political Ecology in the Western Himalayas
Zainab Khalid
13. Mi Mayin (Other-Than-Humans) in the Bhutan Lowlands and Highlands: Agency, Affect, and Annexation
Choeying Seldon and Jelle J.P. Wouters
14. Tracing the Agrarian History of the Sub-Himalayan Forest Frontiers
Fraser Sugden, Suresh Dhakal and Janak Rai
15. Farming Systems, Food Security and Contemporary Climate Issues in Nepal
Sushil Thapa and Keshav Bhattarai
16. Resilience in Shangri-La
Andrea J. Nightingale
17. Himalayan Connections in Lunana and Limi: Baselines for Climate Change Perception in Two "Remote" Communities in Bhutan and Nepal
Riamsara Kuyakanon Knapp
18. Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal: Livelihood, Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge and Practices, and Climate Science
Nani Maiya Sujakhu, Ripu Mardhan Kunwar, Sabita Nepal, Naba Raj Dahal and Gyanendra Karki
19. Jadibuti, Plants and Genetic Resources: Conversations among Ayurveda Practitioners, Conservationists and Plant Scientists on Traditional Medical Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal
Mary Cameron
Part II: Development
The Many Faces of Development: An Introduction
Tanka Subba
20. Development, Displacement, Rehabilitation and Environment in Northeast India
Walter Fernandes
21. Silent Dispossession of Water in Communal Irrigation at the Foothills of the Himalayas
Olivia Aubriot
22. Thulo Maanche: Implications for Development, Equality and Democracy in Nepal
Sascha Fuller
23. In-Between Mobilities: Risks and Uncertainty in Labor Migration from Nepal
Tristan Bruslé
24. Biogas in Nepal: A Socio-Technical Perspective of Energy Innovation
Ben Campbell and Manoj Suji
25. Kisan Dharma: A Worldview for Conservation of Natural Resources and Livelihood Security in Nepal
Jagannath Adhikari
26. Black Cardamom and Crisis in Hyper-Colonial Kalimpong
Lewis Beardmore
27. The Assam-Bengal Railways and Socio-Spatial Changes in the Indian Himalayan Region
Madhumita Sengupta
28. “What Road? I Built It Myself on My Way Here”: Roads, Wars and the Infrastructure of Citizenship in the Indian Himalayas
Karine Gagné
29. Building Capacity, Not Infrastructure: Lessons from Hydropower Development in Nepal
Mark Liechty
30. From Yam to Sponge: Recent Controversies around Nepal’s Sovereignty, Territory and Hydropower
Matthäus Rest
31. Dam(n)ed If You Do, Dam(n)ed If You Don’t: Dams, Development and Contestations in Kinnaur, Western Himalayas
Prashant Negi
32. Rapid Urbanization and Its Consequences: A Case Study of Bharatpur, Nepal
Hanna A. Ruszczyk
33. Rethinking the Himalayan Megaproject: Rainwater Harvesting and the Decentralized Alternative to Kathmandu’s Urban Resource Crunch
Georgina Drew, Rajani Maharjan and Alexia Jane Adhikari
34. Modernity, Development and Waste Management in Northeast India
G. Kanato Chophy
35. Anthropology of State: Images and Practices of Inclusive Governance in Nepal
Binod Pokhrel
36. Geopolitics over Development in Pakistan’s Karakoram Mountains
Hasan H. Karrar
37. Gender and Sustainable Development in the Himalayas: People, Power and Possibilities
Debarati Sen
38. Women as Neoliberal Development Subjects: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective on Development in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Humera Dinar
Part III: Wellbeing
Orientations: Culture, Place and Wellbeings
Mary Cameron
39. Mental Health Help-Seeking in the Himalaya: Shifting Ecologies of Care in Post-Earthquake Nepal
Liana Chase and Parbati Shrestha
40. Sowa Rigpa and the State in India’s Himalayan Borderlands
Calum Blaikie
41. Kyidug: Pandemic, Food Systems, and Health Ecologies in Dolpo
Phurwa Dondrub Gurung, Logan Emlet and Nyima Gurung
42. Heterogeneity of Institutionalizing Sowa Rigpa Education in Nepal Himalaya
Arjun Chapagain and June Wang
43. Ayurveda and the Covid-19 Pandemic in Nepal
Bhupendra Nirajan Khaniya
44. Putting People at the Center of Solutions: Embracing Human-Centered Design for Developing Menstrual Health Interventions in Nepal
Sara Baumann, Bhimsen Devkota, Mary Hawk and Jessica Burke
45. Living Homes among the Raji and Raute of Nepal
Jana Fortier
46. The Truths of Dispossession in the Western Himalaya
Kriti Kapila
47. Global Population Politics in Nepal: From a “Small, Happy Family” to a “Smart Life”
Jan Brunson
48. Dalit Wellbeing through Counter Ritual
Steve Folmar
49. Of Ploughmen and Drummers: Dalit Consciousness in Nepali-Language Literature
Michael Hutt
50. Food Intake, Activity Patterns and Nutritional Status Among Nepali Hindu and Buddhist Sherpa Women: A Biocultural Perspective
Chery Smith
51. Nettle Stew and Danger Momos: Himalayan Culinary Innovation from the Diaspora
Premila Tamang
52. Toward Holistic Wellbeing: Gross National Happiness and Alternative Futures in Bhutan
Elizabeth Allison
53. Rethinking Museums in Places of Lived Heritage
Swosti Rajbhandari Kayastha and Stefanie Lotter
54. Seeking Wellbeing through Song: Dohori Singers’ Everyday World-Making
Anna Stirr
Index
Biography
Ben Campbell is Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, Durham University, UK. He traveled in 1976 into Himalayan spaces between Kashmir, Nepal and Darjeeling, starting his research career learning Tamang in Nepal in 1988. He directs an MA program on Sustainability, Energy and Development, and his book about the impact of nature conservation on Indigenous environmental knowledge and practice in a Tamang-speaking community is Living Between Juniper and Palm: Nature, Culture and Power in the Himalayas (2013).
Mary Cameron is a writer and socio-environmental activist whose research in Nepal explores human-nature engagements, Ayurvedic medicine, and gender and caste. From 1992 to 2021, she was Professor of Anthropology, and directed gender studies programs at Florida Atlantic University and Auburn University, USA. She received three Fulbright grants; alumni, leadership and teaching awards; and numerous other grants. She authored Three Fruits: Nepali Ayurvedic Doctors on Health, Nature, and Social Change (2019) and the award-winning On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal (1998).
Tanka B. Subba is Visiting Professor at the Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, and Ombudsperson of Darjeeling Hills University. Earlier, from 2012 to 2017, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Sikkim University. He received such awards as the Homi Bhabha Fellowship (Mumbai), Dr. Panchanan Mitra Lectureship and R.P. Chanda Centenary Medal for 2015 (Asiatic Society, Kolkata), DAAD Guest professorship at the Free University of Berlin, and Baden-Wuerttemberg Fellowship at the South Asian Institute, Heidelberg University. He has authored and edited 18 books and published over 80 articles on various issues related to the Eastern Himalayas.
"The volume is a precious guide for navigating in the complexities of human-environment relationships within the Himalayan range, during the Anthropocene era. It brings together contributions from a remarkable group of scholars to explore social, political, cultural and historical ecologies in light of the recent changes that define this era, particularly with regard to migration, water and forest resources and wellbeing.”
Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, CNRS Senior Researcher, LAS, Collège de France, Paris
"An excellent regional handbook by a global community of scholars, sharing deep knowledge and deep personal engagement with the Himalayas. The stories told inhabit the spaces between environmental catastrophe narratives and Shangri-la. The approach and frames of reference are innovative, compelling and highly recommended."
Edward Simpson, Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
"In 1989, in The Himalayan Dilemma Ives and Messerli challenged the widely accepted view that Himalayan ecosystems were degrading irreversibly as a result of uncontrolled development. Thirty-five years later the Routledge Handbook of Himalayan Environments, Development and Wellbeing is poised to provide new challenges to thinking about interactions between environment, development and wellbeing in this amazingly diverse region. The nearly sixty chapters include a discussion of what some might consider surprising findings about increasing forest cover in Nepal. They also include rethinking of social and environmental transitions such as urbanisation and transitions to reduced family size. The focus is on complex transitions rather than simplified unilinear change. There are chapters that consider the impacts and opportunities provided by social media and others that look at the synergies between scientific and traditional knowledge systems and much more. The book is deeply interdisciplinary, covers much of the geographic and cultural diversity of the region and defaults in cultural relativism (as one of the editors writes). Anyone with a passion for the Himalayas will find this a challenging and exciting book."
Robert Fisher, Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of Sydney
"This collection displays the richness and diversity of scholarship on the Himalayas. It could not be more timely, as climate crisis, economic speculation, and new political alignments force Himalayan peoples to reckon with unprecedented change. Critical scholars from across the social sciences and humanities will surely find it essential reading."
Sarah Besky, Professor of the Anthropology of Work, ILR School, and Director, South Asia Program, Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University
"This Handbook is a collection of cutting-edge studies exploring how the penetration of the 21st century economy and technology have profoundly disrupted human-environmental relations, the theory and practice of development, and the well-being of the region’s people. A highlight of the book is the ways the authors present the ambiguity of these changes and the range of possible futures. In addition, that half the authors/co-authors of the collection are from the Himalayan region enriches the analyses and expands the interpretations of the topics of the book."
John Metz, Associate Professor, North Kentucky University, USA
"The editors are to be congratulated on bringing together a stellar array of contributions. Every specialist of the region will want to have this collection of vital case studies on their shelves. More importantly, every NGO and government office responsible for, or working in, the region should have it to hand as an indispensable reminder of the sheer diversity of Himalayan people’s experiences of the environment, the state, culture, and wellbeing in a time of rapid climatic change."
David N. Gellner FBA, editor of Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia
"This is an exceptionally valuable collection of essays that sheds critical light on the complex and important reality of the Himalaya region. The interdisciplinary contributions to this handbook effectively challenge reductionist, sensationalist, and orientalist perspectives on the mountains. By focusing on the experiences of people whose lives are entangled in the environment, and who are implicated in development projects from the ground up, this collection provides deep insights on how to look at, but also beyond, crises and catastrophes. To look beyond is to better understand the nature of wellbeing in a place that well reflects the intimate challenges of living in the Anthropocene."
Joseph Alter, Professor of Anthropology and Director, Asian Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh. Author of Yoga in Modern India: The Body between Science and Philosophy
"There is a demographic churning underway across the Himalaya. Variegated lifestyles are being lost even as glaciers retreat, permafrost lets go, groundwater is depleted, hill terraces go fallow, and cultures see a breathless, unprecedented transformation. Breakneck ecological change feeds human bewilderment and distress. Only diverse disciplines and voices can do justice to all that is happening across the 2500 km of the Himalayan arc, which is why this volume is valuable. It helps the world understand the challenges facing societies and ecologies of our mountains."
Kanak M. Dixit, journalist, activist, founding editor of Himal Southasian
"An important resource for thinking about constellations of struggle and hope across the entire Himalayan region, the Handbook invites readers to envision environmental and social transformations as they are known, seen, and felt from a multitude of locations. This collection usefully resists reducing the historical complexity of places and problems into singular stories of crisis and its causes."
Stacy Leigh Pigg, anthropology professor, Simon Fraser University
"Drawing on the deep scholarly engagement of contributors across the Himalayan region, this first-ever Handbook of its kind presents fresh insights into environmental change, human resilience, and socio-ecological transformation happening in the region. Embracing post-colonial sensibility and celebrating intellectual diversity, it provides locally grounded and rich accounts of the complex dynamics between environments, communities, and development in one of Earth's most critical zones. The volume offers critical insights into the possibilities for adaptation, transformation, and human well-being in times of rapid socio-environmental change across the region."
Hemant Ojha, Institute for Study and Development Worldwide (IFSD), Australia, and author of 'Climate Risks to Urban Water Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Emerging Responses and Lessons'






