1st Edition
The Routledge International Handbook of Trauma-Responsive Peacebuilding
List of Contributors
Foreword
Barry Hart
Preface
Sara Clarke-Habibi and Cordula Reimann
Acknowledgements
1. Trauma-Awareness in Peacebuilding: An Introduction
Cordula Reimann and Sara Clarke-Habibi
Part 1: Understanding Individual and Collective Trauma in Contexts of Violent Conflict and Peacebuilding
Introduction to Part 1
2. Psychological Causes and Effects of Individual and Collective Violence
Sara Clarke-Habibi
3. Collective Trauma as Violent Conflict Dynamics
Cordula Reimann
4. Opening Up Spaces for Collective Trauma in Peacebuilding Practice
Cordula Reimann
5. A Framework for Understanding and Transforming Posttraumatic Narratives
Sousan Abadian
6. Impacts of War on the Transfer and Transformation of Intergenerational Trauma in Israel
Larissa Kunze and David Senesh
7. Identity Needs and Reconciliation following Collective Trauma
Nurit Shnabel
8. Influence of Trauma on Identity, Justice, Resilience and Peacebuilding
John Woodall
Part 2: Understanding Resilience and Healing in Contexts of Violent Conflict and Peacebuilding
Introduction to Part 2
9. Reflections on the Foundations of Resilience and Healing
Sara Clarke-Habibi
10. Embodied Resilience and Healing in the Context of Transgenerational Trauma in Palestine and Israel
Eva Dalak
11. Art and Embodiment in Peacebuilding
Ada Hakobyan
12. Using Expressive Arts to Address Collective Trauma and Structural Violence in Korea and the USA
Eunkyung Ahn, Hyo Jin Chang, and Kathryn Mansfield
13. Reflecting on Collective Resilience during and after the Beslan Tragedy
Larissa Sotieva
14. Exploring Unity Process Theory and Practise for Overcoming Crisis: Experiences from Bosnia-Herzegovina
John Woodall
15. Interrupting Violence with Trauma and Resilience Education
Kathryn Mansfield and Kajungu Mturi
Part 3: Promoting Resilience in Crisis through Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
Introduction to Part 3
16. Trauma-Informed MHPSS in War-Affected Ukraine
Imke Hansen
17. Playback Theatre as a Tool for Embodied Socio-Psychological Support in Ukraine
Nataliia Vainilovych
18. Trauma-Sensitive Peace Education in Northern Syria
Jihad Alabdullah, Mohammad Abo Hilal, Mohamad Yassen, and Mohammad Affara
19. Psychosocial Peacebuilding in Afghanistan
Inge Missmahl and Birte Brugmann
20. Integrating Gender into MHPSS and Trauma-Responsive Peacebuilding in Central African Republic
Amy Dwyer Neigenfeld
21. Hypno-Neuro-Imagination Techniques for Promoting Mental Health in Humanitarian-Peacebuilding Contexts
Annick Python, Claude Ribaux, and Marta Hegyaljai Python
22. Trauma-Informed Facilitation in Peacebuilding Contexts: Ethics, Questions and
Methods
Sara Clarke-Habibi
23. Practising what we preach: Duty of care as an essential component of sustainable, trauma-responsive peacebuilding
Friederike Bubenzer
Part 4: Addressing Collective Trauma in Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation
Introduction to Part 4
24. Addressing Collective Trauma in Dealing with the Past Processes in Lebanon
Soha Fleyfil and Jenny Munro
25. Trauma-Sensitive Mediation: A Missing Element in the Syrian Peace Process
Caroline Brooks
26. Memory as a Basis for (Re-)Conciliation in the Caucasus
Julia Böcker
27. Trauma-Responsive Approaches to Truth Recovery in the Aftermath of Gross Violations of Human Rights in Nepal and Iraq
Tyrone Savage
28. Towards Trauma Responsiveness in Transitional Justice Education in Colombia
Angela Sanchez-Rojas
29. Establishing Multi-stakeholder Alliances to promote Societal Healing and Resilience in post-genocide Rwanda
Alexandros Lordos, Révérien Interayamahanga, Frank Kayitare, Ernest Dukuzumuremyi, Margret Mahoro, Joanita Mwiza, and Jessica Mbanda
30. Healing Collective Traumas to Foster Social Transformation in Kenya
Steven Lichty, Angi Yoder-Maina, Wanjika Waibochi, and Yvonne Gache
31. Equipping Youth Peacebuilders with Trauma-Sensitivity: Summer Academy for Intercultural Dialogue
Atran Youkhana and Martina Bock
Part 5: Deconstructing and Decolonizing Trauma and Peacebuilding Practice and Research
Introduction to Part 5
32. 'Give me justice not pills': Reclaiming the Historical Nexus of Mental Health and Peacebuilding
Michael Niconchuk
33. Trauma and Resilience in the Global South: Decolonized Peace Psychology Practices in Kashmir
Ufra Mir
34. Re-storying the Experience of Indigenous Trauma and Reconciliation in Canada
Cynthia Wesley-Esquimaux and Magdalena Smolewski
35. Deconstructing Collective Trauma in Peacebuilding: Challenges & Potential
Ada Hakobyan and Cordula Reimann
36. Trauma-Responsive Peacebuilding: Future Directions
Cordula Reimann and Sara Clarke-Habibi
Glossary
Index
Biography
Sara Clarke-Habibi is a peacebuilding specialist with 25 years of experience as a practitioner, researcher, educator, curriculum developer, trainer, facilitator, and advisor. Focussed on violence-affected and post-conflict environments, she works thematically on issues of trauma-sensitivity, MHPSS, conflict memory and identity, peace psychology, social healing, and intergroup reconciliation.
Cordula Reimann has worked for 30 years as a process and dialogue facilitator, trainer, researcher, consultant, and coach on conflict sensitivity, conflict transformation, trauma, and gender. As a practitioner-scholar, Cordula has worked with and for local grassroots movements, mainly in South Asia and the Middle East, international and Swiss and German governmental and non-governmental peacebuilding, development, and aid organisations.
'This Handbook offers a significant advance and platform that deepens our understanding of trauma, healing, and peacebuilding. I say this for three reasons. First, the extraordinary list of authors are among the most experienced practitioners who have committed to a vocational lifetime facing and living with the challenges of trauma in settings of protracted conflict. Their focus on trauma-responsive centers action and practical strategies cultivating constructive change and sustained healing. Second, this Handbook brings these learnings and strategies via authors who are from and engaged with an extraordinary breadth of geographic contexts and cultural backgrounds that offer views and evidence-based experience far beyond Western dominant models. And finally, these chapters capture the cutting edges of practices from the expressive arts to facing intergenerational and collective trauma that truly give meaning to the notion of committing to comprehensive and integrated approaches to peacebuilding.'
John Paul Lederach, Professor Emeritus, University of Notre Dame, USA.
'This timely and insightful book makes a meaningful contribution to the peacebuilding sector at a time of major geopolitical shifts, when this sector of work is not getting the attention it needs, considering an increasing backward slide to securitized and militarized approaches. This excellent book places trauma and trauma-informed approaches at the center of how we understand conflict transformation and peacebuilding. It reminds us that sustainable peace cannot be built by political and institutional dynamics alone, but must engage the deep individual and collective wounds left by violence across generations from a systemic perspective. By illuminating how trauma shapes perceptions, relationships, and systems, the authors help practitioners understand the invisible forces that often sustain cycles of conflict and polarization that divide our societies over decades.The book offers a compelling case for integrating trauma-responsive approaches into every stage of peacebuilding; it bridges insights from psychology, social healing, and conflict transformation in a way that is both rigorous and deeply practical. At a time when many societies are facing protracted crises, recurring violence, and generational trauma, this perspective is essential. The authors challenge the field to move beyond technical solutions and recognize the human and relational dimensions of recovery and transformation. My deepest appreciation goes out to Dr. Cordula Reimann and Dr. Sara Clarke‑Habibi, two highly experienced and respected practitioners and researchers in this field of work, for this critical and timely contribution to the peacebuilding sector. This book will be an invaluable resource for practitioners, policymakers, and scholars seeking to build peace, especially during a time of increasing polarization in our societies.
Anita Ernstorfer, Director, International Peacebuilding, American Friends Service Committee (AFSC).
'Trauma is far from uniform and the different ways people experience it significantly shape individuals and communities in conflict - and the way they engage in the process of peace. Understanding the underlying dynamics and impacts in each conflict context is essential for finding viable approaches to transform conflicts in a sustainable way.This handbook provides an essential insight into what this looks like in practical terms. Covering a diverse range of contexts each section walks the reader through critical challenges from types of trauma, through resilience and healing to mental health and psycho social support, using lenses of conflict transformation, peacebuilding and decolonisation. And it does all this giving voice to authors who write with deep personal and research experience that is enlightening!
Jonathan Cohen, Executive Director, Conciliation Resources.
'The Routledge International Handbook of Trauma-Responsive Peacebuilding, edited by Sara Clarke-Habibi and Cordula Reimann, constitutes an essential resource for scholars and practitioners of peacebuilding. Trauma is an inherent dimension of war and violent conflict, and addressing it is therefore a central requirement in any sustainable peacebuilding process.
With its broad scope and multidisciplinary orientation, the volume systematically examines the conceptual, methodological, and practical challenges involved in addressing trauma at both individual and collective levels. It demonstrates that neglecting trauma can have enduring intergenerational consequences, often contributing to the formation of what chosen trauma describes as collectively maintained narratives of past suffering that may perpetuate cycles of conflict.
The handbook brings together diverse theoretical perspectives and empirical case studies, presenting a range of approaches to trauma-responsive peacebuilding across different sociopolitical contexts. In doing so, it synthesizes a substantial body of knowledge in a manner that is accessible and relevant to a wide audience, including academic researchers, practitioners, NGO professionals, policymakers, and informed general readers seeking to deepen their understanding of the role of trauma in conflict and peace processes.'
Professor Daniel Bar-Tal (emeritus), Tel Aviv University, School of Education






