Introduction
The nature of evidence
Probability
Clinical endpoints of benefits and harms
Statistical expressions of benefit and harm
Bias and confounding
Systematic reviews
Randomized controlled trials
General principles
Stopping rules
Analysis of subgroups
Safety
Generalizability
Observational studies
General overview
Historical controlled trials
Concurrent cohort studies
Case-control designs
Databases
Case reports
Qualitative research
Approaches and methods
Uses in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions
Economic evaluation
General principles
Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-minimization analyses
Cost-consequences analysis
Decision-making
For individuals
For populations
Biography
"Professor Sir Michael Rawlins MD FRCP(Lond) FRCP(Edin) FFPM FMedSci, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London, UK
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