1st Edition

Women Vigilantes and Outlaws in American Popular Media Who Was That Masked Woman?

Edited By Gregory Bray, Andrew J. Ball Copyright 2026
196 Pages 7 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

196 Pages 7 B/W Illustrations
by Routledge

This interdisciplinary collection of essays examines how women vigilantes, social bandits, outlaws, and anti-heroines were represented in American novels, movie serials, radio dramas, films, comics, and pulp fiction, from the post-Civil War era through World War II. Demonstrating a broad spectrum of methodological and critical approaches, the book includes essays from seasoned as well as... Read more

Introduction: Who Was That Masked Woman?

Gregory Bray and Andrew J. Ball

 

1. When Outlaws Become In-Laws: Louisa May Alcott and the Lady Grifter

Jill C. Jones

 

2. Female Outlawry on the Gilded Age American Stage: Lydia Thompson as the British Outlaw in the 1872 Burlesque Robin Hood 

Lorraine Kochanske Stock

 

3. “The Case of the Peroxide Blonde”: Real Women Criminals in True-Crime Radio Programs of the 1930s, Calling All Cars and Gang Busters

Katherine Echols

 

4. Not Even Mentioned: Invisible Femininity and the Nation-State in Zorro’s Black Whip  

Gregory Bray

 

5. The Debutante Vigilante: Lady Luck, an Early Model for World War Womanhood

Christina M. Knopf

 

6. Nietzsche’s Wily Women in George Stevens’ Annie Oakley (1935) vs. Superman in DC Action Comics (1938) and Warner Bros. Media

Nancy Ann Watanabe

 

7. Crones, Dragon Ladies, and Femme Fatales of Golden Age Comics

Valerie Estelle Frankel

Biography

Gregory Bray teaches at SUNY New Paltz, USA, where he instructs classes on filmmaking and theory. His films and publications explore nostalgia and popular culture. He serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Popular Culture, and a peer-reviewer for the Broadcast Education Association. Recent work includes the film Escapism and the book chapter “She Laughs by Night” about Batman’s Harley Quinn.

Andrew J. Ball is a member of the Affiliated Faculty of the Marlboro Institute for Liberal Arts and Interdisciplinary Studies at Emerson College, USA. He specializes in American literature and culture, continental philosophy, and media studies. He is the author of The Economy of Religion in American Literature: Culture and the Politics of Redemption (2022) and the editor of The Essential Lectures of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1890–1894 (2024).