Drawing on the entrepreneurial ecosystem as a frame of reference, this new edition of Female Entrepreneurship – Women’s Entrepreneurship – continues to challenge contemporary assumptions regarding who or what is an entrepreneur. It draws upon relevant literature and research to enable research-led teaching delivery and provides students with a comprehensive understanding of women’s entrepreneurship and a solid foundation from which they can pursue further studies.
Informative but concise, Women’s Entrepreneurship covers key concepts, issues, themes and approaches and provides useful suggested topics for debate. Updates include a revised chapter on Emerging Technologies and Women’s Entrepreneurship, which explores digital entrepreneurship and cyberfeminism. Contextualisation of Women’s Entrepreneurship acknowledges the broader contextual influences on women’s entrepreneurship. Finally, two new chapters have been added looking at The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy. International case studies explore the socio-economic context for women’s entrepreneurship in regional, national and international economies. Pedagogy to aid learning is incorporated throughout, including learning outcomes, boxes to highlight key research insights and best practice as well as discussion points and activities.
This book is important supplementary reading on entrepreneurship, small business management and women's and gender studies courses – it will prove particularly useful to women moving towards starting their own business as well as postgraduate students researching the topic for the first time.
Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes………………………………………………………………...
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Setting the Scene
- Introduction……………………………………
- Statement of Aims
- Women’s Entrepreneurship Defined
- Before We Start- a Few Statistics
- The Lure of Business Ownership
- Profile of Women Owned Businesses
- Book Structure
Chapter 2: The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Learning Outcomes
2.3 Theoretical Grounding of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Approach
2.4 The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Defined
2.5 Ecosystem – Its Theoretical Roots
2.6 An Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
2.7 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Gender
2.8 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Intermediaries
2.9 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Critique
2.10 Conclusion
2.11 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 3: The Socio-Economic Context of Women’s Entrepreneurship
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Learning Outcomes
3.3 Labour Market Structure
3.4 Occupational Segregation
3.5 Gender Wage Gap
3.6 Work-life Balance
3.7 Workplace Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling Effect
3.8 Segregated Employment Patterns and Women’s Entrepreneurship
3.9 Conclusion
3.10 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 4: Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Learning Outcomes
4.3 Entrepreneurship Policy Efforts
4.4 Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy
4.5 Fix the Woman Approach
4.6 Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Policy
4.7 Lean in Solutions
4.8 Gender Mainstreaming
4.9 Conclusion
4.10 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 5: Entrepreneurship as Gendered
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Learning Outcomes
5.3 The question should not be ‘who is an entrepreneur’ but rather ‘who is an entrepreneuse’?
5.4 Societal Gendered Expectations
5.5 Gender Stereotypes and Entrepreneurial Intentions
5.6 The Implications of the Androcentric Entrepreneurial Mentality
5.7 The Female Under-Performance Hypothesis
5.8 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Feminist Methodological Approaches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Learning Outcomes
6.3 What is Gender?
6.4 Is Gender a Performance or a Performative?
6.5 Using Gender as a Lens to Explore Women’s Entrepreneurship
6.6 Feminist Research Methodologies
6.6.1 Liberal Feminist Theory
6.6.2 Social Feminist Theory
6.6.3 Poststructuralist Feminist Theory
6.7 Postfeminism
6.8 Intersectionality of Gender
6.9 Queer Theory
6.10 Masculinity Studies
6.11 Gay Entrepreneurship
6.12 Feminist Sensitive Approaches
6.13 Narrative Approaches
6.14 Reflexivity
6.15 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Family in Women-Owned Businesses and Women in Family Businesses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Learning Outcomes
7.3 The Double Shift
7.4 Impact of Family on Business
7.5 Market Work versus Housework
7.6 Family Embeddedness
7.7 The "5M" Framework
7.8 The paradox of empowering women and the debate around mumpreneurship.
7.9 Women in Family Business
7.10 Succession
7.11 Copreneurship
7.12 Conclusion
7.13 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 8: Non-Financial Entrepreneurial Capital
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Learning Outcomes
8.3 Entrepreneurial Capital Accrual
8.4 Human Capital
8.5 Financial Capital
8.6 Social Capital
8.7 Female Networking
8.8 Formal Networking Mechanisms
8.9 Symbolic Capital
8.10 Conclusion
8.11 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 9: Financing Women-Owned Businesses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Learning Outcomes
9.3 Accessing Finance
9.4 Challenges faced by Female Entrepreneurs
9.5 Pecking Order Hypothesis
9.6 Bank Finance
9.7 Demand-Side Risk Aversion
9.8 Venture Capital
9.9 Business Angels
9.10 Crowd Funding
9.11 Conclusion
Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies and Women’s Entrepreneurship
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Learning Outcomes:
10.3 Technology and Entrepreneurship
10.4 STEM Entrepreneurship
10.5 The Pipeline Effect
10.6 Inherent Masculinity of Technology
10.7 Intersection of Gender and Technology Venturing
10.8 Fitting in whilst standing out
10.9 Digital Entrepreneurship and Gender
10.10 Social Media and Gender
10.11 Cyberfeminism
10.12 Conclusion
10.13 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 11: Contextualisation of Women’s Entrepreneurship
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Learning Outcomes
11.3 The Argument for a Contextualised Approach
11.4 Context Defined
11.5 Waves of Contextualization in Entrepreneurship Research
11.6 Entrepreneurship in Context
11.7 The Embeddedness of Women’s Entrepreneurship
11.8 Moving Forward
11.9 Conclusion
11.10 Discussion Points and Activities
Chapter 12: Conclusion: Exploring Future Research Agendas in the Field of Gender and Entrepreneurship by Susan Marlow
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Past Themes and Concerns
12.3 Moving Forward – Potential Research Opportunities and Pathways
12.4 Theoretical Gender and Entrepreneurship
12.5 Intersectionality
12.6 Context
12.7 Finance
12.8 Social Entrepreneurship
12.9 Households
12.10 Researching Gender and Entrepreneurship
12.11 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
Biography
Maura McAdam is a Professor of Management and Director of Entrepreneurship at Dublin City University, Ireland.
