Writing, Reading, and Understanding in Modern Health Sciences Medical Articles and Other Forms of Communication

Essays as Communication Tools
Introduction
General Types of Essays
Nature and Purpose of Essays
Structure of Essays
Health Sciences Essays as an Exercise in Rhetoric: An Argumentative/Persuasive Essay
Let Us Conclude
References

Research-Based Medical Article: Writing What Is Considered the Most Important Type of Written Medical Article
Introduction
The IMRAD Format
     Overview of the IMRAD Format
     Comments on Additional IMRAD Elements
          IMRAD Preceding Entities: Identifications
          IMRAD Following Entities: Contextual and Collateral Information that Follows the IMRAD Core of the Article 2.3 Lab Report Format
Thinking Beyond Editorial Expectations for Structure, Language, and Style: The Scientific Method behind Research and Ensuing Medical Articles
     Steps of the Scientific Method
The Business Method and Format: Medical Article as a Business Report
Qualitative Research-Based and Case Studies-Based Articles and Their Format
Conclusions: Back to the Article as a Communication Tool
References

Thesis: A Key Feature of the Medical Article "Introduction"—Seven Cornerstones for Reporting a Research-Based Study
Introduction
Our Thesis of This Chapter
     Article in Health Sciences as an Argumentative Path
Research Thesis and Its Seven Cornerstones that Define Both Research and the Presentation of Its Results as a Written or Oral Communication
     Seven Cornerstones of Research Paper Design and Development
     Research Problem or Topic of Interest: "About What Do We Wish to Talk?"
     Critically Appraised Best Evidence Available: "Where Are We Now?"
     Objectives of a Research Study: "Why Do We Do All This and What Do We Want to Achieve?"
     Research Hypothesis: "What Is Our Idea about the Nature of the Problem to Be Elucidated?"
     Research Question as a Formulation of the Research Problem: "What Is Then an Answerable Question about Our Hypothesized Problem?"
     Definitions Used: The Essence of Understanding: "How Do We Delineate the Meaning of Everything We Are Using and Working with?"
     Context and Setting of the Study: "What Is the Reality of All Happenings in Which the Study Is Valid?"
Let Us Conclude
References

Definitions: A Key Feature of the "Material and Methods" Section of a Medical Article
Introduction
What Might Then Be a Thesis for This Chapter as an Essay?
What Are Definitions and Their Type in General? The Sort of Definitions We Use
Definitions in Medicine and Health Sciences and Their Subject
Why Are Definitions So Important?
Types of Definitions in Current Medical Research and Practice Uses
Desirable Qualities and Attributes of Definitions in General
Desirable Qualities and Attributes of Definitions in Medicine and Other Health Sciences
The Challenge of Composite Definitions
Adjectives and Other Challenges of Definitions
Let Us Conclude
References

Reporting Research Critically and the Argumentative Way: A Key Feature of the "Results" and "Discussion" Sections of a Medical Article
Introduction
A Thesis for This Essay-Type Chapter?
What Exactly Is Critical Thinking in Medicine?
Do We Argue in Medicine?
A Word about Argumentation and Argument in Medicine as an Exercise in Critical Thinking
     IMRAD Structure, Format and Content
     The "Modern" Argument and Its Building Blocks
     Hence, Does All of This Fit the IMRAD Format?
Let Us Conclude
     Some Recommendations to Authors and Readers of Articles in Health Sciences
References

Cause–Effect Relationships: A Key Feature of the "Discussion" and "Conclusion" Sections of a Medical Article
Introduction
Classification of Medical Articles and Their Underlying Studies from the Causal Standpoint
Challenges of Understanding and Communication of Cause–Effect Relationships
Criteria for Accepting Etiology or Other Cause–Effect Relationships
Causality-Oriented Medical Article as Subject of Critical Appraisal
A Word about Reporting Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews Articles
A Word about Clinical Practice Guidelines Articles
Let Us Conclude
     What Next, and What Should We Do in the World of Cause-and- Effect Relationships in Medical Communication?
References

Challenges of Clinical Case Reporting: Casus Clinicus Revisitus and Redivivus
Introduction
     What Might We Propose as a Thesis for This Essay?
     What Will Be Covered?
Fundamental Considerations and Gnostic Classification of Clinical Case Reports
Case Reporting Topics
Types of Case Reporting
     The "Classical" Clinical Case Report
     A Clinical Vignette
     A Case Series Report
Structure and Organization of Case Reporting
The Message Itself and Ways to Convey It in an Argumentative Manner
Challenges of Causal Proof Sought in Single or Few Clinical Cases
     Epidemiological Demonstration of Causality Based on Frequent Cases
     Considerations of Causality in Clinical Pharmacology: The Mainly NonEpidemiological Study of Infrequent Cases
     Considerations of Causality in "Cognition-Based" Medicine; NonEpidemiological Reasoning Focused on Specific Cases
     Single Subject Research Design
Other Ways of Considering Causality
     Qualitative Research and "Case Study" Methodology from Other Domains: Error and Harm Inquiry (From "Valued" Events to "Bad" Events Evaluation and Reporting)
Let Us Conclude
References

Medical Ethics and Publication Ethics
Introduction
The General Framework of Medical and Research Ethics
Scientific or Research Misconduct
Publication and Editorial Misconduct
Referencing in Medical Articles as an Example of a Challenging Tool for Scientific and Publication Misconduct
Conflict of Interest and Its Disclosure
Let Us Conclude
References

Concluding Remarks and Summary: Future Ways of Knowledge Communication
Introduction
The Content: About What Are We Writing?
The Form, Format and Content: How Do We Make Ourselves Clear? 
     A Reminder about Article Format
     A Reminder about Article Content
Let Us Conclude
     How to Write an Evidence-Based Argumentative Medical Article
References
Glossary

Index

Biography

Milos Jenicek