1st Edition
Electromagnetic Waves, Materials, and Computation with MATLAB®
Readily available commercial software enables engineers and students to perform routine calculations and design without necessarily having a sufficient conceptual understanding of the anticipated solution. The software is so user-friendly that it usually produces a beautiful colored visualization of that solution, often camouflaging the fact that the program is executing the wrong simulation of the physical problem.
Electromagnetic Waves, Materials, and Computation with MATLAB® takes an integrative modern approach to the subject of electromagnetic analysis by supplementing quintessential "old school" information and methods with instruction in the use of newer commercial software such as MATLAB and methods including FDTD. Delving into the electromagnetics of bounded simple media, equations of complex media, and computation, this text includes:
- Appendices that cover a wide range of associated issues and techniques
- A concluding section containing an array of problems, quizzes, and examinations
- A downloadable component for instructors including PowerPoint™ slides, solutions to problems, and more
Striking a balance between theoretical and practical aspects, internationally recognized expert Dikshitulu Kalluri clearly illustrates how intuitive approximate solutions are derived. Providing case studies and practical examples throughout, he examines the role of commercial software in this process, also covering interpretation of findings. Kalluri’s extensive experience teaching this subject enables him to streamline and convey material in a way that helps readers master conceptual mathematical aspects. This gives them confidence in their ability to use high-level software to write code, but it also ensures that they will never be solely dependent on such programs.
Part I: Electromagnetics of Bounded Simple Media
Electromagnetics of Simple Media
Introduction
Simple Medium
Time-Domain Electromagnetics
Time-Harmonic Fields
Quasistatic and Static Approximations
Electromagnetics of Simple Media: One-Dimensional Solution
Uniform Plane Waves in Sourceless Medium (ρV = 0, Jsource = 0)
Good Conductor Approximation
Uniform Plane Wave in a Good Conductor: Skin Effect
Boundary Conditions at the Interface of a Perfect Electric Conductor with a Dielectric
AC Resistance
AC Resistance of Round Wires
Voltage and Current Harmonic Waves: Transmission Lines
Bounded Transmission Line
Electromagnetic Wave Polarization
Arbitrary Direction of Propagation
Wave Reflection
Incidence of p Wave: Parallel-Polarized
Incidence of s Wave: Perpendicular-Polarized
Critical Angle and Surface Wave
One-Dimensional Cylindrical Wave and Bessel Functions
Two-Dimensional Problems and Waveguides
Two-Dimensional Solutions in Cartesian Coordinates
TMmn Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
TEmn Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
Dominant Mode in a Rectangular Waveguide: TE10 Mode
Power Flow in a Waveguide: TE10 Mode
Attenuation of TE10 Mode due to Imperfect Conductors and Dielectric Medium
Cylindrical Waveguide: TM Modes
Cylindrical Waveguide: TE Modes
Sector Waveguide
Dielectric Cylindrical Waveguide—Optical Fiber
Three-Dimensional Solutions
Rectangular Cavity with PEC Boundaries: TM Modes
Rectangular Cavity with PEC Boundaries: TE Modes
Q of a Cavity
Spherical Waves and Applications
Half-Integral Bessel Functions
Solutions of Scalar Helmholtz Equation
Vector Helmholtz Equation
TMr Modes
TEr Modes
Spherical Cavity
Laplace Equation: Static and Low-Frequency Approximations
One-Dimensional Solutions
Two-Dimensional Solutions
Three-Dimensional Solution
Miscellaneous Topics on Waves
Group Velocity vg
Green’s Function
Network Formulation
Stop Bands of a Periodic Media
Radiation
Scattering
Diffraction
Part II: Electromagnetic Equations of Complex Media
Electromagnetic Modeling of Complex Materials
Volume of Electric Dipoles
Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Constant
Modeling of Metals
Plasma Medium
Polarizability of Dielectrics
Mixing Formula
Good Conductors and Semiconductors
Perfect Conductors and Superconductors
Magnetic Materials
Artificial Electromagnetic Materials
Artificial Dielectrics and Plasma Simulation
Left-Handed Materials
Chiral Medium
Waves in Isotropic Cold Plasma: Dispersive Medium
Basic Equations
Dielectric–Dielectric Spatial Boundary
Reflection by a Plasma Half-Space
Reflection by a Plasma Slab
Tunneling of Power through a Plasma Slab
Inhomogeneous Slab Problem
Periodic Layers of Plasma
Surface Waves
Transient Response of a Plasma Half-Space
Solitons
Spatial Dispersion and Warm Plasma
Waves in a Compressible Gas
Waves in Warm Plasma
Constitutive Relation for a Lossy Warm Plasma
Dielectric Model of Warm Loss-Free Plasma
Conductor Model of Warm Lossy Plasma
Spatial Dispersion and Nonlocal Metal Optics
Technical Definition of Plasma State
Wave in Anisotropic Media and Magnetoplasma
Introduction
Basic Field Equations for a Cold Anisotropic Plasma Medium
One-Dimensional Equations: Longitudinal Propagation and L and R Waves
One-Dimensional Equations: Transverse Propagation: O Wave
One-Dimensional Solution: Transverse Propagation: X Wave
Dielectric Tensor of a Lossy Magnetoplasma Medium
Periodic Layers of Magnetoplasma
Surface Magnetoplasmons
Surface Magnetoplasmons in Periodic Media
Permeability Tensor
Optical Waves in Anisotropic Crystals
Wave Propagation in a Biaxial Crystal along the Principal Axes
Propagation in an Arbitrary Direction
Propagation in an Arbitrary Direction: Uniaxial Crystal
k-Surface
Group Velocity as a Function of Polar Angle
Reflection by an Anisotropic Half-Space
Electromagnetics of Moving Media
Introduction
Snell’s Law
Galilean Transformation
Lorentz Transformation
Lorentz Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors
Electromagnetic Equations in Four-Dimensional Space
Lorentz Transformation of the Electromagnetic Fields
Frequency Transformation and Phase Invariance
Reflection from a Moving Mirror
Constitutive Relations for a Moving Dielectric
Relativistic Particle Dynamics
Transformation of Plasma Parameters
Reflection by a Moving Plasma Slab
Brewster Angle and Critical Angle for Moving Plasma Medium
Bounded Plasmas Moving Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence
Waveguide Modes of Moving Plasmas
Impulse Response of a Moving Plasma Medium
Part III: Electromagnetic Computation
Introduction and One-Dimensional Problems
Electromagnetic Field Problem: Formulation as Differential and Integral Equations
Discretization and Algebraic Equations
One-Dimensional Problems
Two-Dimensional Problem
Finite-Difference Method
Iterative Solution
Finite-Element Method
FEM for Poisson’s Equation in Two Dimensions
FEM for Homogeneous Waveguide Problem
Characteristic Impedance of a Transmission Line: FEM
Moment Method: Two-Dimensional Problems
Moment Method: Scattering Problem
Advanced Topics on Finite-Element Method
Node- and Edge-Based FEM
Weak Formulation and Weighted Residual Method
Inhomogeneous Waveguide Problem
Open Boundary, Absorbing Boundary, Conditions, and Scattering Problem
The 3D Problem
Case Study Ridged Waveguide with Many Elements
Homogenous Ridged Waveguide
Inhomogeneous Waveguide
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method
Air-Transmission Line
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Solution
Numerical Dispersion
Waves in Inhomogeneous, Nondispersive Media: FDTD Solution
Waves in Inhomogeneous, Dispersive Media
Waves in Debye Material: FDTD Solution
Stability Limit and Courant Condition
Open Boundaries
Source Excitation
Frequency Response
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Simulation of Electromagnetic Pulse Interaction with a Switched Plasma Slab
Introduction
Development of FDTD equations
Interaction of a Continuous Wave with a Switched Plasma Slab
Interaction of a Pulsed Wave with a Switched Plasma Slab
Approximate Analytical Methods Based on Perturbation and Variational Techniques
Perturbation of a Cavity
Variational Techniques and Stationary Formulas
Part IV: Appendices
Appendix 1A: Vector Formulas and Coordinate Systems
Appendix 1B: Retarded Potentials and Review of Potentials for the Static Cases
Appendix 1C: Poynting Theorem
Appendix 1D: Low-Frequency Approximation of Maxwell’s Equations R, L, C, and Memristor M
Appendix 2A: AC Resistance of a Round Wire when the Skin Depth δ is Comparable to the Radius a of the Wire
Appendix 2B: Transmission Lines: Power Calculation
Appendix 2C: Introduction to the Smith Chart
Appendix 2D: Non-uniform Transmission lines
Appendix 4A: Calculation of Losses in a Good Conductor at High Frequencies: Surface Resistance RS
Appendix 6A: On Restricted Fourier Series Expansion
Appendix 7A: Two- and Three-Dimensional Green’s Functions
Appendix 9A: Experimental Simulation of a Warm-Plasma Medium
Appendix 9B: Wave Propagation in Chiral Media
Appendix 10A: Backscatter from a Plasma Plume due to Excitation of Surface Waves
Appendix 10B: Classical Photon Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation
Appendix 10C: Photon Acceleration in a Time-Varying Medium
Appendix 11A: Thin Film Reflection Properties of a Warm Isotropic Plasma Slab Between Two Half-Space Dielectric Media
Appendix 11B: The First-Order Coupled Differential Equations for Waves
in Inhomogeneous Warm Magnetoplasmas
Appendix 11C: Waveguide Modes of a Warm Drifting Uniaxial Electron Plasma
Appendix 12A: Faraday Rotation versus Natural Rotation
Appendix 12B: Ferrites and Permeability Tensor
Appendix 14A: Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Moving Bounded Plasmas
Appendix 14B: Radiation Pressure Due to Plane Electromagnetic Waves Obliquely Incident on Moving Media
Appendix 14C: Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves
Obliquely Incident on a Relativistically Moving Uniaxial Plasma Slab
Appendix 14D: Brewster Angle for a Plasma Medium Moving at a Relativistic Speed
Appendix 14E: On Total Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Moving Plasmas
Appendix 14F: Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Bounded Plasmas
Moving Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence
Appendix 16A: MATLAB® Programs
Appendix 16B: Cotangent Formula
Appendix 16C: Neumann Boundary Conditions: FEM Method
Appendix 16D: Standard Area Integral
Appendix 16E: Numerical Techniques in the Solution of Field Problems
Appendix 17A: The Problem of Field Singularities
Appendix 18A: Input Data
Appendix 18B: Main Programs
Appendix 18C: Function Programs
Appendix 21A: Complex Poynting Theorem
Part V: Problems
Biography
Internationally recognized expert Dikshitulu Kalluri is professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell, where he is coordinator of the doctoral program and co-director of the Center for Electromagnetic Materials and Optical Systems (CEMOS). Dr. Kalluri has collaborated with research groups at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, UCLA, the University of Southern California, and the University of Tennessee. He has also served as a faculty research associate at Air Force Laboratories.
"… a required reference in the library of anyone doing research or development in plasma physics or engineering."
—Igor Alexeff, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee"Most appropriate for advanced engineering students. Comprehensive, yet ‘eases’ into difficult matters."
—Andrew M. Sessler, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"... a meticulously written and extremely useful book for both students and professionals...The approach is especially directed toward electrical engineers whose deeper appreciation of circuits is exploited to help their concept building, [as applied in] transmission line analogies."
"…brings together many increasingly important concepts from previously somewhat separate areas of electromagnetics into one clear and coherent tome."
—Michael A. Fiddy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte